Shakespeares personal life and the writing of Hamlet Essay Example

Shakespeares personal life and the writing of Hamlet Essay It is a well-established fact that an author’s material for fiction is largely derived from his/her own personal experiences. And the greatest of English literary artists in the form of William Shakespeare is not an exception to this rule. The underlying thematic current in the play is tragedy. And based on what scholars have documented about the personal life of Shakespeare as well as the historical and socio-political circumstances of his era, a synthesis could be developed linking the personal and the artistic lives. Also, understanding the private life of the writer elucidates to us the roots of his creative genius. The rest of this essay is an exercise toward this end. First of all, in order to understand the connection between the personal and the professional, it is important to locate the exact time period in which the play was written. Given that Shakespeare lived during the late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century, there are no authoritative accounts of when the play was written. So one can only arrive at a tentative date; and scholarly consensus designates the period between 1599 and 1602. (Fedderson, 2000, p.145) By this time, Shakespeare was already an established playwright and his works had acquired him critical appreciation as well as popular recognition. He was in his late thirties by this time and been married to Anne Hathaway for close to twenty years. Hence, it is fair to say that Shakespeare had seen enough of life’s challenges and travails to have gained insights into human relationships. (Ross, 1999, p.6) We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares personal life and the writing of Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares personal life and the writing of Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares personal life and the writing of Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And the vividness with which the author puts forth emotions related to betrayal, treachery and grave indignation in the play is a reflection of his own maturity as a person. As Prof. Park Honanspent’s recent biography on the great artist reveals, â€Å"In addition to fresh information about the women in Shakespeare’s life, what has come to light is playwright’s connections with more sinister matters and how his personal experiences of treachery were mirrored on stage. Using new computerised linguistic research, researchers claim that Shakespeare’s acquaintance with murder in his private life was not only reflected in the plots of his plays, but actually performed by Shakespeare on stage.† (The Birmingham Post, Oct, 1998, p.3) This is a relevant observation, for the central plot of Hamlet is one of revenge and murder. In it, Prince Hamlet contrives to kill his uncle Claudius, for his father was killed and the throne usurped by the latter. Shakespeare is no stranger to murder in real life. Shakespeare was also acquainted first-hand with fatal rivalries between closely related individuals. For example, Professor Honanspent’s research has shown that â€Å"a previous occupant of Shakespeare’s Stratford house, New Place, poisoned and murdered his own daughter. Similarly, the man who later sold the house to Shakespeare was poisoned and killed by his son. Against this background, Shakespeare, when writing Hamlet only a year or two after he bought the house, chose to use poison to kill King Hamlet. And we now know that Shakespeare performed some of these characters himself including the Ghost of King Hamlet, and Duncan, a victim of Macbeth’s dagger.† (The Birmingham Post, Oct, 1998, p.3) Similarly, one could make connections between women in Shakespeare’s life and the characters seen on stage. For example, his wife, Anne Hathaway, had a much problematic and conflicted relationship with him. Their marital harmony was marred by Shakespeare’s prolonged absence after the birth of his three children. Towards the end of the 16th century, Shakespeare’s life was undergoing important changes. Firstly, his relationship with his wife Anne Hathaway was getting rough. Secondly, the Globe Theatre, with which he was long associated, had moved to a place south of River Thames. During this time, he was also said to have stumbled into a writer’s block, whereby the creative powers of a writer are temporarily deprived, probably due to overwork or lack of inspiration (Fedderson, 2000, p.145). This was illustrated in the movie Shakespeare in Love, in which the great writer’s character was played by Joseph Fiennes and his lover’s role played by Gwynyth Paltrow, who is the daughter of a wealthy trader. Although the movie deviates from real facts of Shakespeare’s life (as there is no authoritative source for the same), it does succeed in capturing the romantic side of Shakespeare and his infidelity to his faithful wife Anne. One could draw parallels between Shakespeare’s own personal failures as a husband and Hamlet’s mother’s incestuous relationship with Claudius. (Nehring, 2004, p.132) Some scholars have given a Freudian interpretation of Hamlet’s fears about the prospect of killing Claudius, for it might graduate him to the position assumed by the latter, namely one of his mother’s lover. There is no evidence from Shakespeare’s personal life to denote his own Oedipal anxieties. Hence the emphasis on this parallel occurrence – one in real life and the other on stage – should be subject to doubt and debate. Hamlet the Prince’s longing for revenge and retribution toward Claudius is not an unusual tendency at the time of the play’s setting. During the late 16th century England, political intrigue and betrayal were quite common (Tiffany, 2005, p.112). It was not usual for power-hungry subordinates or peers to resort to unethical or inhumane tactics to achieve their end. For a modern audience, the killing of a King and the acquisition of his power and property (which in those days included wives) might come across as grossly unjust. But Shakespeare was only mimicking the political culture prevalent at the time in plays such as Hamlet. In particular, the notion of ‘revenge’ as a way of getting justice for a grave violation of noble contract was an accepted aspect of politics. Shakespeare, being an astute student of the tradition of drama and the works of earlier playwrights, was only presenting an alternative expression of the theme of revenge. And as per th is tradition, not only is revenge meant to be nominal and to the point, but it is meant to be ghastly and dramatic. As Grace Tiffany points out in her journal article, â€Å"The Ghost tells Hamlet he will be â€Å"bound† to â€Å"revenge† after he hears the tale of the murder, and before telling that tale he repeats that Hamlet must â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murther† (1.5.6-7, 25)†¦for Elizabethans, by the conventions of revenge tragedy stemming from Aeschylus and running through Thomas Kyd, â€Å"revenge† implies not a salutary humiliation which may prompt the criminal’s repentance, but spectacular bloodshed and death. Second, the Ghost seems angry and it chokes his utterance.† (Tiffany, 2005, p.112) Hence, in conclusion, one could draw a lot of parallels between Shakespeare’s personal life experiences and the narrative in Hamlet. Three key similarities are particularly salient. Firstly, the author’s troubled relationship with his wife of many years, Anne Hathaway, and his propensity for infidelity might have served as inputs to Claudius’ incestuous relationship with his brother’s widow. Secondly, the author’s subtle indication of an Oedipal anxiety on part of the protagonist is the result of Shakespeare’s sophisticated understanding of interpersonal relations. But no factual evidence exists to suggest that the Oedipal anxiety was experienced by the author himself. Thirdly, the emphasis on revenge as a proper course of attaining justice was showcased in the play. This is an accepted element of Elizabethan society and its incorporation in the play only reflects the socio-political condition of the author’s time. There are als o other minor reflections of the personal and the theatrical. But as a note of caution, given that these inferences were derived based on deductive logic and circumstantial evidence, one should take them with allowance for doubt. Probably, with advancement in anthropological research in the future, more concrete understanding of the great writer’s life would emerge. Works Cited â€Å"Biography Reveals Sound and Fury of Shakespeare’s Life.† The Birmingham Post (England) 19 Oct. 1998: 3. Chapman, Alison A. â€Å"Ophelia’s â€Å"old Lauds†: Madness and Hagiography in Hamlet.† Medieval Renaissance Drama in England (2007): 111+. Fedderson, Kim, and J.M. Richardson. â€Å"†Love like There Has Never Been in a Play†: Shakespeare in Love as Bardspawn.† West Virginia University Philological Papers (2000): 145+. Nehring, Cristina. â€Å"Shakespeare in Love, or in Context: If Society Creates Art, as Stephen Greenblatt Believes, Then Why Was Shakespeare’s Achievement So Singular?.† The Atlantic Monthly Dec. 2004: 129+. Ross, Jonathan. â€Å"Joseph Fiennes Plays Shakespeare as a Young and Lusty Genius. but His Quill Is Broken. Only the Help of Paltrow’s Sexy Viola Can Restore His Vigour.† The Mirror (London, England) 29 Jan. 1999: 6. â€Å"Silent Majority Enjoy the True Master at Work.† The Daily Mail (London, England) 4 July 2005: 75. Tiffany, Grace. â€Å"Hamlet, Reconciliation and the Just State.† Renascence: Essays on Values in Literature 58.2 (2005): 111+. â€Å"Why Shakespeare Is the Original Invisible Man; HIDDEN DEPTHS: Joseph Fiennes as the Bard in the 1998 Film Shakespeare in Love.† The Mail on Sunday (London, England) 9 Nov. 2008: 11.

League of Nations failure essays

League of Nations failure essays Why did the League of Nations failed in the 1930s? The break down of the League did not happen overnight but rather progressively. An important reason for this could be because America was not able to loan huge amounts of money the Depression that followed on after the Wall Street Crash in 1929. Without the badly needed money, the Dawes Plan could not be put into effect any longer. Therefore, economically, Europe was spiralling down into deeper depression. America was also a powerful country, if they had became a member, the League would have stood a chance of enforcing economic sanctions on Japan in the Manchuria incident, and Italy in the Abyssinia incident. It is true that other members like France and Britain could have enforced it themselves, but the consequences are that trade would be disrupted and lead to a dropout of international relations. For example, when the issue of activating sanctions on Italy was discussed, France was not willing to co-operate because France saw Italy as a valuable ally that would protect France f rom Germany. However, one can argue that even if France had agreed, these sanctions were more than possible to be broken soon. In fact, to make it worse, the outcomes of the Manchuria and Abyssinia crises caused the League to lose Japan and Italy as important and powerful members. France and Britain were meant to provide firm support in times of crisis like these, but they were both too preoccupied by the self interests of their own nations to tackle the League problems. Their country came first instead. The League did not have an army for them to stop the Italians from invading Abyssinia. Again, Britain and France were meant to help provide the majority of these troops but they were reluctant to. This is due to the fact that at this time, both countries could not risk sacrificing military reinforcements. To them, it was not practical to send their own troops all over the world, leaving their own bord...

All the description are in the attachments Essay

All the description are in the attachments - Essay Example There is a discrepancy between the 1776 July 4th independent America and the current America. The writer’s arguments are persuasive since; for instance, he asserts that America in July 4th 1776 was composed of farmers. In contrast, in the current time, Americans live in metropolitan and residential areas. He continues to mention that a minority of Americans living today are descendants of the founding fathers and the slaves who were alive in 1776, whereas, the majority of Americans originated from Germany, Ireland, Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Furthermore, Krugman continues to assert that American society is full of hypocrisy (Krugman 2). In my essay, I feel that I have brought out the thesis statement in an explicit manner. In addition, I have identified the points that strongly support my thesis statement, through identifying the discrepancy that arises when the 1776 July 4th independent America is compared to the current America. I could improve my essay by adding more reasons that support my thesis statement. In essence, I will use the reasons to justify how the act of Americans celebrating July 4th does not correspond with what the founding fathers considered as

The Clinical Issue of Patient Handover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Clinical Issue of Patient Handover - Essay Example (2007). Patient-Centered Perspectives on Communication and Handover between the Emergency Department and General Internal Medicine. At the end of the introduction, the author is trying to tell us that errors in caregiving can have side effects. The methods used are listed in a separate section as follow up questions, where they are exposed importantly. The method of focus groups is compatible with the naturalistic paradigm of qualitative research. The research direction is used, though not mentioned in the introduction. It would be justified to assume a lack of flow in the research in connection with the absence of such necessary information in a research paper. The research addresses the following questions: What are the procedures for patients hand over? Who is responsible for the recording and paperwork of the process? How private is the handed over information about the patient? Are there legal practices that are observed? In the introduction to the literature review, the author shows that previous studies have shown that the reduction of staff may increase the adverse effects for the patient. The topics include personnel expenses, the food, the risk of malnutrition, the benefits of walking and problems after discharge. Items and results are described and presented in a logical and organized manner. The results that were missing in the questions follow the framework of the education and training Studies. There are no items included as a visual aid to complete the research findings. The materials used are mainly nursing journals and other primary sources. Numerous topics including creation of  a stable framework for this study. A research gap was identified for nursing as a career field. The author shows the need for further studies in this area. The data collection procedures are clearly indicated in the section on the data analysis, and other researchers could easily replicate it. Topics and results are described and presented in a logical and

Teacher's Role in Classroom Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Teacher's Role in Classroom Management - Essay Example However, through the use and application of different strategies and lessons, the teacher not only lectures about a particular subject, (English language, in this case) but also shapes up the personality of the young minds being addressed. The task of a teacher also includes instilling the right moral and ethical values in the mind of the learners to help them transform into a better citizen and eventually, a better human being, who will contribute positively to their respective societies. Channeling different creative ideas presented by students in the right direction is also an important responsibility of a teacher. When the subject is taught with the right mix of humour and gravity, respect develops in students and it ultimately leads to a better teacher-student relationship. What has become even more important is the role of a teacher in classroom management. Classroom management is the use of those methods that facilitates the transfer of knowledge. It is all about disciplining, motivating and encouraging the students to prepare them to face the practical world with the right values. The affect of the external factors and environment on a classroom atmosphere has been well researched and confirmed. When handling classroom management, one of the most important things a teacher needs to keep in mind is to ensure that the environment is not dull and distracting. Firstly, the classroom should have a good inlet and outlet of air so that the right supply of oxygen helps maintain a lively and healthy atmosphere. Using enclosed spaces for classroom is not very effective while teaching since students tend to feel restless and bored in an atmosphere which looks suffocating. Apart from that, the seating arrangements and the teacher's corner should be placed in such a way so that it gives the classroom a spacious look, while not proving a hinderance to the communication that will take place. Neatness and order in classroom arrangement is even more important. It is imperative that the comfort level of students is also kept in mind as discomfort due to unleveled chairs or varying temperatures in the classroom may prove to be great distractions in the learning process. Furthermore, it is the role of the teacher to make sure that all students can view the teacher and learning tools clearly. Colourful charts and displays stimulate the minds of the students and help them retain knowledge better. It is better if a teacher tries to replace charts with new ones and add new things on display to upkeep interest and curiosity. In maintaining the right environment, the teacher plays the most significant role when it comes to discipline and the behaviour of the students. It is essential that misbehaviour of a student is declared wrong and punished though in a subtle way so as not to intimidate the other students. Overall, a comfortable environment is necessary to better the learning process and give teaching the right flow. [Barbara L. Wilt (Schoolmarm), 2000, 'Classroom Management Plan'] COMMUNICATION It will not be wrong to state that initiating and

Analysis Of The Wheatstone Bridge

Analysis Of The Wheatstone Bridge This Term Paper is about topic Wheatstone Bridge. A Wheatstone bridge is a device which is used to find the unknown resisitance. It is an instrument or a circuit consisting of four resistors or their equivalent in series which is used to determine the value of an unknown resistance when the other three resistances are known. If talk in some little detail then wheatstone bridge contains the four resistance in which one is unkown resistance which we have to find ,one is variable resistance which is also called the rheostat of the circuit and two known resistance. It also contains the galvanometer for the detection of the current and it is also use to find the direction of current. The various use of wheatstone bridge is as under:- It is is used by electrical power distributors to accurately locate breaks in a power line. It is also used to monitor sensor devices such as strain gauges. Such devices change their internal resistance according to the specific level of strain (or pressure, temperature, etc.), and serve as the unknown resistor RX. Meter bridge, post office box and Carey Foster bridge are instruments based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge The basic use is to measure the unknown resistance. What is a wheatstone bridge? The wheatstone bridge is an instrument which is generally used to measure electrical resistance by balancing a bridge circuit. The bridge circuit contains four resistance, one of which contains the unknown resistance ,one variable resistance and two known resistance. Introductions to Wheatstone Bridge:- Wheatstone Bridge, a device for measuring electrical resistance. In wheat-stone bridge four resistance R1, R2, R3and R4are connected end to end with each other to form a closed loop. A sensitive galvanometer Gis connected between their junctions. One form of Wheatstone bridge is shown in the following example:- For example:- When the Wheatstone bridge is connected in an electrical circuit, part of the current flows to the object whose resistance is unknown and part of current flows to the resistor of known resistance. If more current flows through one side of the circuit than the other, the galvanometer shows the deflection. Due to potential difference create in between them when the current flows equally along both sides of the bridge then the galvanometer shows zero deflection. Thus the bridge is balanced, the unknown resistance is calculated by using formula. The formula is:- R1/R2=R3/R4 Where R1 is the unknown resistance. R2 is the variable resistance R3 and R4 are the known resistances Generally wheat-stone bridge is used to determine unknown resistances. Conditions for wheatstone bridge:- There are two conditions for wheatstone bridge which is as under:- Condition-1:Galvanometer is always in zero potential in the circuit. Condition-2:We should have to take one variable resistance. History of Wheatstone bridge:- [link 1] Wheatstones bridge circuit diagram. A Wheatstone bridgeis an electrical circuit invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. It is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of bridge contains the unknown component and variable component. Its operation is similar to the originalpotentiometer. Potentiometer :- [link 2] A potentiometeris an instrument for measuring the potential (voltage) in a circuit,they were used in measuring voltage. Creation of Wheatstone bridge by different scientists:- [link 5] 1) A scientist and mathematician, Samuel Hunter Christie, developed the circuit to measure unknown electrical resistances and first described it in 1833. The bridge worked because of the special diamond-shaped arrangement of the four resistors. Electrical current from a battery split into two parallel branches of the circuit. One consisted of a resistor with a fixed, known resistance and an adjustable resistor, also with a known resistance. The other leg contained a resistor of fixed and known resistance and another whose resistance needed to be determined. By using a galvanometer to balance the current flowing through the two branches, Christie could, with the help of a little math, determine the value of the unknown resistor. 2) Then another British scientist, Wheatstone, came across Christies description of the instrument, which Wheatstone referred to as a differential resistance measurer. A prominent member of the Royal Society of London, Wheatstone was well-positioned to give the tool a popularity boost. He gave an account of Christies invention at an 1843 lecture, and soon after it came to be called the Wheatstone bridge was used in telegraphy and other applications. Wheatstone himself, however, gave full credit for its invention to Christie. But in translations of his lecture that appeared in Germany and France the following year, Wheatstones attribution was nowhere to be found. In addition to bringing the device to public attention, Wheatstone improved the design (Wheatstone developed the rheostat, a variable resistor) and found several new uses for it. By changing the type of elements contained in its legs, the Wheatstone bridge can determine unknown capacitances, inductances, frequencies and other properties. Besides Wheatstone, several other scientists helped extend the range of the device, including William Thomson, Lord Kelvin and James Clerk Maxwell. This sensitive, accurate method for measuring resistance is still widely used today. Theory of Wheatstone Bridge:- To understand this circuit, consider the following Figure to be two voltage dividers shown below: When the bridge is balanced, the voltages measured by V1and V2are equal, hence no current flows through the Galvanometer G in above figure. Since V1and V2are at the same voltage, the resistance ratios Rx/RSand l1/l2are equal. Because the slide wire has a uniform resistance per unit length, the length ratios l1/l2is equivalent to resistance ratio R1/R2. How Equipment of wheatstone bridge works:- [Link 8] The current flows from positive to negative through the circuit.When it reaches Point Ain the diagram, it splits and travels through either one of two Known Resistors, R1 or R2. Resistance is measured in a unit called an ohm. Here we notice that when this applet initializes, the resistance at R1 is 1 K ohm, while at R2 it is also at 1 K ohm. After the diverging currents pass through their respective resistors (R1 or R2), each reaches another fork in the road. At this point, if the bridge is not balanced, some or all of the current from either the R1 or R2 path will diverge down this middle path that bisects the square created by the circuit. The Galvanometer ispositioned on this middle path which generally tells the presence or absence of current.The direction of this current is determined by the value of the Variable Resistor(R3). Here at this time the bridge is not balanced because the ratio of resistance on the known leg (R1/R2) is not equal to the ratio on the unknown leg (R3/R4). This is where the variable resistor which is also called rheostat of the bridge comes into play. It can be adjusted until no current flows down the middle path. When that is achieved, the Galvanometer reads zero and the bridge is balanced. Achieve this balanced state by adjusting the Variable Resistorslider until the Galvanometer reads zero and no more current flows through the middle path. Notice how the arrows depicting current direction change as you manipulate the slider. The ohm value is displayed above the slider. By discovering the value of the variable resistor in the balanced bridge, you are able to determine what the unknown resistance at R4 is, with a little math: R1/R2 = R3/R4 or R4 = (R2 * R3) /R1 So by using the above formula we can easily find out the unknown electrical resistance. Derivations:- Derivation of Wheatstone Bridge:-[link 1] First, Kirchhoffs first rule is used to find the currents in junctions Band D: When then I3= Ixand I1= I2(3) Then, Kirchhoffs second rule is used for finding the voltage in the loops ABDand BCD: The bridge is balanced when Ig= 0, so the second set of equations can be rewritten as: .(1) .(2) By dividing equation 1 by 2 we get:- From the equation (3), I3= Ixand I1= I2. The desired value of Rxis now known to be given as: If all four resistor values and the supply voltage (VS) are known, the voltage across the bridge (VG) can be found by working out the voltage from each potential divider and subtracting one from the other. The equation for this is: This can be simplified to: With node B being (VG) positive, and node D being (VG) negative. Bridgeconatianing constant voltage and voltage gage :- A basic Wheatstone bridge circuit contains four resistances, a constant voltage input, and a voltage gage, as illustrated below. For a given voltage input Vin, the currents flowing through ABCand ADCdepend on the resistances, i.e., The voltage drops from Ato Band from Ato Dare given by, The voltage gage reading Vgcan then be obtained from, Now suppose that all resistances can change during the measurement. The corresponding change in voltage reading will be, If the bridge is initially balanced, the initial voltage reading Vgshould be zero. This yields the following relationship between the four resistances, We can use this result to simplify the previous equation that includes the changes in the resistances. Doing so results in the solution for the change in Vg, where h is defined by, Moreover, when the resistance changes are small ( which is the basic equation governing the Wheatstone bridge voltage in strain measurement. The coefficient is called the circuit efficiency. Equal-Resistance Wheatstone Bridge Circuit:- In practice, one often uses the same resistance value for all four resistors, R1= R2= R3= R4= R. Noting that r = 1 in this case, the change in voltage can be further simplified to, By thoughtfully selecting the target and reference resistances, the Wheatstone bridge circuit can amplify small changes in resistance and/or compensate for changes in temperature. How to use the Wheatstone Bridge :- In its basic application, a dc voltage (E) is applied to the Wheatstone Bridge, and a galvanometer (G) is used to monitor the balance condition. The values of R1 and R3 are precisely known, but do not have to be identical. R2 is a calibrated variable resistance, whose current value may be read from a dial or scale. An unknown resistor, RX, is connected as the fourth side of the circuit, and power is applied. R2 is adjusted until the galvanometer, G, reads zero current. At this point, RX = R2ÃÆ'-R3/R1. This circuit is most sensitive when all four resistors have similar resistance values. However, the circuit works quite well in any event. If R2 can be varied over a 10:1 resistance range and R1 is of a similar value, we can switch decade values of R3 into and out of the circuit according to the range of value we expect from RX. Using this method, we can accurately measure any value of RX by moving one multiple-position switch and adjusting one precision potentiometer. Significance of wheatstone bridge :- [link 1] The Wheatstone bridge illustrates the concept of a difference measurement, which can be extremely accurate. Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure capacitance, inductance, impedance and other quantities, such as the amount of combustible gases in a sample, with an explosimeter. The Kelvin bridge was specially adapted from the Wheatstone bridge for measuring very low resistances. In many cases, the significance of measuring the unknown resistance is related to measuring the impact of some physical phenomenon such as force, temperature, pressure, etc which thereby allows the use of Wheatstone bridge in measuring those elements indirectly. Applications of Wheatstone Bridge:- [Link 6],[Link 7] A number of resistance measuring devices have been devised on the principle of wheatstone bridge.For example : 1) Meter bridge, post office box and Carey Foster bridge are instruments based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge and are used to measure unknown resistance. 2) A very common application in industry today is to monitor sensor devices such as strain gauges. Such devices change their internal resistance according to the specific level of strain (or pressure, temperature, etc.), and serve as the unknown resistor RX. However, instead of trying to constantly adjust R2 to balance the circuit, the galvanometer is replaced by a circuit that can be calibrated to record the degree of imbalance in the bridge as the value of strain or other condition being applied to the sensor. 3) A third application is used by electrical power distributors to accurately locate breaks in a power line. The method is fast and accurate, and does not require a large number of field technicians. Other applications abound in electronic circuits. Well see a number of them in action as these pages continue to expand. Bridge circuits are widely used for the measurement of resistance, capacitance, and inductance. The resistive bridge, also known as Wheatstone bridge. Links used in the Term Paper:- 1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer_%28measuring_instrument%29 3)http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/methods/wheatstone_bridge.cfm 4) http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/wheatstonebridge/index.html 5) http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/museum/wheatstonebridge.html 6) http://www.citycollegiate.com/wheatstone_bridge.htm 7) http://www.transtutors.com/physics-homework-help/current-electricity/wheatstone-bridge- and-potentiometer.aspx 8) http://reocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8341/bridge.htm

If Winter Comes Spring Is Not Far Behind Essay

Birds get frozen, flowers get withered, from a pebble of earth to the star of sky all get silenced. It is the time when winter jumps in. Torments, tensions, tragedies, tortures come up when west wind of winter blows. Winter is the time of sweet sorrowfulness and dangerous difficulties. However, when spring comes it brings gala days; birds fly up, and flowers get bloomed. Oh! Spring, you are a hope in calamities of life. Winter is the symbol of destruction and bareness whereas spring is the symbol of hope and fruitfulness. Around 250 thousand years ago a winter in Rome went on, in which slaves were smashed and slaughtered. Cruelity and ignorance was at peaks. At that time, a man of might and words stood like an insurmountable mountain and fought against Roman Republic for slaves. That man was Spartacus. He had almost perished the Government, but he was chopped in Third Servile War. But when he was martyred he said these words. â€Å"I will come again, not alone, but with millions.† And, yes, he came again with spring in Rome and, which perished the winter of that time. The winter of crises, problems, destruction has charged our country Pakistan. It has brought many critical and havoc circumstances which have taken lives of thousands. But hopeful spring is far behind and clouds of happiness are forecast which will bring pleasures and prosperity in Pakistan. Moulana Jalal Din Rumi says, â€Å"Don’t grieve, whatever you lose comes in another form.† So, one should push the winter out, and make outlets for spring to come in. And, coming spring will be joyous and peaceful. If winter has come, yes, spring is far behind. Winter snatches green leaves of trees, smashes colours of butterflies, slaughter blooming flowers. But, when everything is lost there hope dwells and that is the spring, which has to come anyhow after winter and that is the cycle of life.

“Magdalena and Balthasar” by Steven Ozment’s Essay

In the story Magdalena and Balthasar by Steven Ozment’s, one is able to reconstruct the lifestyle of a sixteenth-century merchant family that lived in Europe. The life styles specifically shown in Magdalena and Balthasar’s relationship was anything but an average lifestyle. Although the couple dealt with many problems such as the separation due to business, they were able to keep their marriage stable through letters. In these letters one is able to uncover their beliefs about their family life, marriage, parenting, and the affects religion had on them. Although this specific couple had a unique relationship, one could come to some understanding of how a medieval persons’ life was lived. When analyzing pieces from these letters, one could conclude that marriage had to be filled with love, admiration, and cooperation to be successful. Given the role in 16th century society, the husband was the dominant figure and the wife was left with the household duties and children. However, some relationships were ahead of their times and was based solely on reciprocated compassion. If this bond could be achieved it brought a sense of equality in the understanding and responsibility of a marriage. The growing love in a marriage relationship was hard to accomplish. Whether the marriage was based on the similar backgrounds, or mutual feelings about equality, a successful marriage had to be worked on. Many merchants at this time were extremely involved with their work. This meant that when work called they had to reply. If the job took the husband out of town the best way to maintain their relationship was through letters. Although it was hard to keep in touch there were many ways that they could communicate their love. Another aspect that was seen in the medieval time period was the way in which the people expressed their love. In the relationship between Magdalena and Balthazar, Magdalena uses special valued objects in her letters in order to express her love. An example is when â€Å"she folds flowers from their garden into her letters to him†(Ozment 28). Likewise, Balthasar expressed his love for Magdalena through his unique writing style. In his letters he was able to express his love through simple words such as â€Å"honest, good, true,  friendly, dearest, closest bride†(Ozment 28). It can be observed that the common attribute of expressing love in their relationship was not only limited to their relationship specifically, rather it applies to most sixteenth-century relationships. Although Love was a major attribute in relationships trust was another strong hold point of the everyday family lifestyle of this time. There had to be a strong supporting trust from each side of the relationship in order for the family to prevail. For instance, when the couple was separated the husband would have to have a deep sincere trust for the wife to maintain his business at home. The wife would have chores such as, tending to the children, keeping the household running, and other business related tasks. Although it was common for the women to do so anyways, the husband had to rely and trust his wife to take care of these dealing without second thought. Although the husband had to give up allot of responsibility when he was away for work, normally he would not give up the whole authoritative power. For example in a disagreement usually their would be some sort of compromise, but in the end the wife would give in to the big decisions allowing the husband to have authority. The equilibrium between trust and negotiation that was seen in sixteen-century relationships shows how a sense of stability that was formed in their family lifestyles. Parenting in this time period was dealt with by different methods, which were determined by the different marital roles. The primary differences come from their choice of style that was inherited from their forefathers. The wife is usually the consoling and sympathetic parent, while the father was usually the stern and punitive parent. The father had to deal with his parenting from a different town at times, which led to less interactive correction strategies. When a demand from the father was made to the child, the child would usually meet the request without question. Although the wife respects the husband’s requests she usually sympathized for her son, showing an amount of protection, by lessening the demands. The most similar parenting style between the two is their love for their son. Although the teaching methods were different from parent to parent, the child usually received a decent education, housing, adequate food, to fulfill his needs. The love and support from both the mother and the father is astonishing and overall should result in a prudent child. Religion is a very important aspect of sixteenth-century life among medieval individuals. A common belief was that God was involved in their family life and was in absolute control. â€Å"They think of God as an absolutely omnipotent being, who controls human destiny on earth and into eternity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Ozment 144). If there were unfortunate dealing such as sickness or substantial loss in a business deal, it was believed to be â€Å"an obvious punishment of God†(Ozment 144). Religion was also tied into the lives of medieval people by the incorporation of it into their marriages. The medieval people relied on the God given supremacy of the husband’s role for leadership in the family’s prosperity. Parenting techniques also resulted from their Christianity belief. The disciplinary actions of each role in the family originated from the history of Christianity. Even though these teachings seemed strict they closely adhered to them in order to adhere to their beliefs. The particular dealings with Magdalena and Balthazar gave and exclusive illustration of the life of a sixteenth-century family. It also exposed the hardships of the medieval time period. Magdalena and Balthazar gave a significant portrait into how a person in the sixteenth century dealt with the everyday attributes of marriage, parenting, family life, and the affects religion had upon them.

Brave New World Essays - Social Science Fiction, Utopian Novels

Brave New World Essays - Social Science Fiction, Utopian Novels Brave New World The ideas presented in Huxleys Brave New World are expressed as fundamental principles of utopia, which could be achieved by classism. However, living in a so-called utopia, comes with a price. In this society, every beings destiny is planned out while they are still in their bottles. Depending on their caste, each person has his or her clearly defined role. Community, Identity and Stability is the motto and prime goal of Huxleys utopia. This goal can only be achieved by having a society divided into five caste social groups, because in such a society it is easier to maintain overall control of the people. Classism is the key to achieving the three goals of utopia, because it helps the world controllers have control and power over the people. Every society needs individuals with different talents and capabilities to perform different functions. The class system makes it easier for the world controllers to categorize the people they create. That way, the society isnt lacking any talents. Mr. Foster said, Im working on a wonderful Delta-Minus ovary at this moment. (6) Due to classism, the creators know what kind of people are necessary to fulfill the particular needs of the time. They even have control over how people in each caste think. The director was talking about Deltas when he said, Theyll grow up with what psychologists used to call and instinctive hatred of books and flowers. (18) Classism is a way of organizing and keeping track of people so that the world controllers are in charge of achieving utopia. The new world maintains community by enforcing classism because each person belongs to a certain caste, which is their community. The lives of the people are organized in a way so that a person is almost never alone. The World States motto emphasizes the importance of the group and the subsequent unimportance of the individual. Community stresses the importance attached to the individual as a contributor to society. Everyone works for everyone else. We cant do without anyone. Even Epsilons are useful. We couldnt do without Epsilons. (66) This way, the Alpha community is no more important that the Epsilon community. Reference is made to the contribution the individual makes even after death. Now they recover over ninety-eight percent of it [Phosphorus]. More than a kilo and a half per adult corpse. Fine to think that we can go on being socially useful even after death. Making plants grow (65) The body is cremated and the phosphorus is obtained equally from every class, thus making each caste equally important. Therefore, a class system provides an organized way of insuring that everyone belongs and is useful to a community in this perfect world. Identity is in large part the result of having the ability to create different castes due to genetic engineering. A particular character is often spoken of as a Beta or an Alpha, as a means of identification. Peoples castes can also be identified by their job. Alphas invariably rule and Epsilons invariably toil. Ninety-six identical twins working ninety-six identical machines, the director s voice was almost tremulous with enthusiasm. (5) From this quote it can be concluded that the director has intelligence and must be an Alpha, while the workers must be either Deltas, Gammas, Epsilons or Morons. If the quote mentioned what kind of uniforms the workers were wearing, one could determine exactly what caste they belonged to. Eight-month-old babies all exactly alike (a Bokanovsky group, it was evident) and all (since their caste was Delta) dressed in khaki. (17) Castes are also distinguished by their uniforms. Although there are different ways of identifying people in the society, the true identity is determined by the class they belonged to. Stability means minimizing conflict and classism ensures that people in each caste are conditioned the same, because that way they could understand each other and conflict would be avoided. Since the individuals (according to their caste) had been conditioned physically and psychologically to perform specific tasks, they functioned happily in that capacity. Im so glad I am a Beta. Alpha children work much harder than we do because theyre so frightfully clever. I am really awfully glad Im Beta because I dont work as hard. (24) Conditioning definitely programs people of each caste to be in

Ethics of Cloning essays

Ethics of Cloning essays For the first time the cloning of a whole human being seems really possible. It is absolutely necessary to consider the harm that can be done and move to curb abuses. Also, it is important to understand some of the theory underlying the desire to build a better human. With recent developments in the cloning of the first whole mammal with Dolly the Sheep, for the first time the cloning a whole human being seems really possible. For years, clones have been the subject of popular fiction, but the technology was lacking. Now the ethics of doing so must be carefully considered. While almost all world health and religious bodies are coming out in opposition to the idea, it must be accepted that someone somewhere will try it. Thus, it is absolutely necessary to consider the harm that can be done and move to curb abuses. What immediately springs to mind for most people with the possibility of cloning whole people is the ideas of creating supermen or a master race which dominated the Nazis. But the theories of eugenics from which they operated were also touted in America and the rest of the Western world. Thus, it is important to understand some of the theory underlying the desire to build a better human. Eugenics is concerned with the social direction of human evolution. A distinction is made between positive and negative eugenics. Positive eugenics aims to increase reproduction of individuals who have traits, such as high intelligence and physical strength or fitness, which are considered to be valuable to society. Negative eugenics seeks to decrease reproduction among people believed to be inferior or below average mentally and physically (Glass). Cloning for better humanity, then, is normally associated with positive eugenics. Overall, since the Nazi experience, eugenics as a movement has been largely discredited, but the ideas still linger and many of the same arguments for cloning humans are used today, but with protest...

Interation of Mass Media, Government, Media Owners Essay

Interation of Mass Media, Government, Media Owners - Essay Example It is also managed as strategic business information marketing. These days, Canada Media Directory (2011) listed 1,489 newspapers, 1,878 magazines, 245 television stations, 810 radio stations, 561 interactive websites, 1 alter native advertising media, and 211 registered out-of-home multimedia which is powerfully influencing Canada’s governance. This study will delve how media owners, government and journalists interact to develop Canadian media environment. Interactions of Institutions Decision-makings and communications are central in the processes for socio-political interactions, of exercising democratic governance, policy-direction or setting of social agenda. Everyday, Canadian mass media is providing information and analysis on issues or matters relating to governance, economy, ecology, cultural practices, and other social dynamics to generate public opinion and develop a collective agenda. Setting the agenda is essentially the converging area of mass media, the public and the policymakers. Such agenda may vary depending on dynamics and links. Media’s agenda is predicted by the nature of entertainment, or may use polling agenda or by the level of influence it wage about. Public’s agenda depends on the interest groups and the issue publicly advocated by them. The policy agenda on the other hand, refer to the interest and issues assumed by government authorities and discussed extensively by lawmakers. All these could be represented in varied and integrated agenda analysis (Soroka, 2011, pp.271-273). For instance, on issues on ecological problems, the mass media may use empirical indicators as measures in analyzing issues on forest denudation and imbalances of ecosystem which cost human lives and damages of properties; to persuade the public to make an ecological agenda and motivate the government to adopt measures and environmental protectionism as a policy. Indeed, the dynamics is vibrant and complex, but these interrelationships figu re how mass media’s role is considered supportive for social cohesion and development. Media is a powerful industry that bridge people, government, and its agencies through all medium of communication. It reports information on the state of affairs; provide contexts on issues that demand public participation, especially on issues directly affecting them. With factors of globalization threading part of world’s dynamics, regions and social divides are bridged by information technology’s revolution—an instrument which aided virtual convergence. The digitized and IT’s advancement hasten information accessibility at a tip of the finger. Political discourses can be viewed live through cables where issues can now be analyzed 24/7 in every home, in market areas and in commercial zones too. Such auger well to commerce too as products can be hastily introduced to consumers without the facilitation of middlemen, brokers or intermediaries. Media have virtually acted as the seller themselves; the mouthpieces of companies; an instrument to leverage in competition; and the market’s window of opportunities. Media is managed by stockholders through corporate policies and of reporters based on professional code of journalism and of constitutional guarantee. Recent developments in the exercise of these rights are in fact illustrated in some reporters demand for right to information to increase their access from sources, especially from

Research proposal about special education Major P.H.D program

About special education Major P.H.D program - Research Proposal Example For this purpose, the researcher has formulated the research aim and objectives that have been stated below: The research aims to state the importance of special education at the PhD level along with highlighting its importance in creating a difference in the society by supporting and guiding students with special needs. For this purpose, few research objectives have been designed stated below. The literature review is aimed to present an understanding over the literature written in the context of special education highlighting its relevance and importance along with its benefits in the social environment. The idea is form an understanding that will help in gaining knowledge about special education along with its worth and importance as adding value in the personal and professional setups. Special education is meant for students with special needs covering individual differences in a systematic manner. It involves individually or group planned objectives, teaching procedures and useful and innovative interventions designed to help students to attain higher level of understanding leading to self sufficiency (Swan, Morgan, 1993). Special education can be offered within a school, college or community with the prime motive of paying focus on special needs of students. Special needs may include challenges with learning, physical disabilities, emotional and mental disorders and developmental disorders. Education can be offered to anyone using classroom setting or sharing of knowledge. However, special education demands more of a systematic and compassionate approach as students’ special needs often reduce their ability to learn independently and thus thwarting their progress in the learning phase (Goodman, 1990). Special education requires more of a compassionate app roach that cannot be offered in a general classroom setting. With social stigma attached with special education, it is