Understanding Couples Hiv Testing And Counselling Essay

Literature Review 1. Overview Couples HIV Testing and Counselling HIV Testing and Counselling HIV antibody tests were first issued by the World Health Organization in 1992 (WHO, 1997), since then with frequent update of recommendations, HIV testing and counselling continue to be the gateway to HIV prevention, essential treatments and cares (Fonner et al., 2012, WHO, 2012b). However, globally not more than half (49%-58%) of people living with HIV knew their serostatus (WHO, 2015b). To address this gap, a new global 90-90-90 target calls to reach at least 90% of people living with the virus to know their HIV status by the year 2020 (UNAIDS, 2014). To achieve the goal, both client and provider initiated service deliveries are implemented in various countries to increase access for HIV testing and counselling. Despite these efforts, the uptake of HIV testing and counselling vary across countries and different population groups (WHO, 2014). Overall in high HIV prevalence settings, HIV test uptake by men is very low as compared to women. The variability could be due to the fact that in most countries, HIV testing and counselling services are conducted at reproductive health or antenatal care clinics (WHO, 2015a). Couples HIV Testing and Counselling In the last couple of decades, President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) support for African countries has been tremendous to increase different models of outreach to prevent HIV infection. Couples based HIV preventionShow MoreRelatedDefining Couples Hiv Testing And Counselling2239 Words   |  9 Pages1. Overview Couples HIV Testing and Counselling HIV Testing and Counselling HIV antibody tests were first issued by the World Health Organization in 1992 (WHO, 1997), since then with frequent update of recommendation, and advancement in innovation (Rotheram-Borus et al., 2000) HIV testing and counselling continue to be the gateway to HIV prevention, essential treatment and care (Fonner et al., 2012, WHO, 2012b). Knowing one’s HIV status used to be considered as a death sentence. However, after havingRead MoreThe Drug And Drug Administration1354 Words   |  6 Pages PrEP treatment is taken in the form of a pill, called Truvada. Truvada is a combination of two HIV medications (tenofovir and emtricitabine). Truvadais a fairly new drug. It was approved for human use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and allowed clinical practice guidelines for usage in the America by the U.S. Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in May 2014. In order for Truvada to be effective, users of PrEP must adhere to taking one pillRead MoreThe Spread Of Hiv / Aids2482 Words   |  10 PagesHIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, which leads to the inability to fight infections and disease. The final stage of HIV is AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, meaning the body has an extremely low count of white blood cells making the body an easy station for disease (What, p. 2). HIV and AIDS are prominent in most areas of Africa, but it is especially severe is Nige ria. As of 2013, there are 3.2 million people living with HIV in this countryRead MoreEthical Dilemma of Hiv Disclosure in Intimate Relationships5638 Words   |  23 PagesHIV Prevention with Positives in Thailand: Ethical Dilemma of HIV Status Disclosure in intimate relationship. Abstract Every year, there are about ten thousand new HIV infection cases in Thailand. The majority of new HIV transmissions in Thailand have changed from commercial sex to intimate relationships while HIV prevention generally focuses on self protection and universal precaution. In 2003, Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend to integrate HIV preventive measure into routineRead MoreMarriage Guidance: Summary Notes19959 Words   |  80 PagesMarriage Guidance – Summary MGG201W MGG201W – Marriage Guidance – facilitative couples counselling Theme ONE – Understanding couples Intimacy involves: love, affection and caring, deep attachment to another person. The TRIPOD of couple relationships An intimate relationship consists of three factors that form a tripod on which the relationship rests. 1. Passionate attraction (PA) 2. Mutual expectations (ME) 3. Personal intentions (PI) Passionate attractions (PA) → Individual experiencesRead More Does Sexual Abuse in Adolescents Lead to Homosexuality? Essay examples3357 Words   |  14 Pagespossibility of a link between traumatizing situations in someone’s life to the point where they â€Å"become† homosexual? Could the possibility of a traumatic experience from past adolescence, affect them this greatly? Throughout research, there is an understanding of the possibility of there being a relationship connection between past traumatic events of adolescents to changing their life style from heterosexual to homosexual. What is considered an adolescent for this study are adolescents between the agesRead MoreExaming the Cultural Practice of Ukuthwala and Its Impact on the Rights of the Child13071 Words   |  53 Pages : MASTERS IN HUMAN RIGHTS COURSE COORDINATOR : PROF. SN REMBE TOPIC: Examining the cultural practice of ukuthwala and its impact on the rights of the girl child: An Eastern Cape Perspective TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Understanding Ukuthwala 3. International Legislative Framework 4. National Legislative Framework and Ukuthwala 5. Causes of Ukuthwala 6. Consequences of Ukuthwala 7. Impact of Ukuthwala on the Girl Child 8. Ukuthwala and ConstitutionalRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 Pagestheir hormonal changes rapid mood swings are common. Adolescence is characterised by physical, psychological and emotional development and social changes (Erikson, 1963). 2.2 Theoretical Understanding of Adolescence 2.2.1 Erik Erikson’s theory of development Erik Erikson’s theory of development gives an understanding of the normative psychological developmental processes that take place during adolescence. He sees adolescence as a critical transitional stage from childhood to adulthood and he purportsRead MoreSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 Pagesfractures and poisoning. 2. Sexual - unwanted pregnancy, sexual transmitted infections, HIV Aids. 3. Emotional - Poor self-esteem, self-inflicted injury, eating disorders, sleeping disorders, depression and anxiety, feelings and shame and guilt. 4. Long term - Development effects, disability, alcohol/drug abuse. They are at the risk of being abusive and violent behaviour. 5. Fatal - Homicide, suicide, infanticide and HIV/AIDS. RISK FACTORS FOR ABUSE a. History of child abuse b. Substance abuse c.Read MoreAnglo American Dissatation11587 Words   |  47 Pagesthen looked over each other’s sections in order to make sure all relevant information was included, to check for grammar and spelling mistakes and to make sure enough references had been used. This was important to ensure all members had a good understanding of each section. Anglo American’s website and annual reports were the main source of information for the company study. The issues surrounding Anglo American during the past year allowed for many relevant news articles to be widely available for

Personal Story - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1002 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Autobiography Essay Did you like this example? To start off the personal narrative about my life, my full name is Suzanna Joy Fia. My life began in Lamour, CA, where I was born on December 15, 1999. I am the youngest of 4 sisters, we grew up in many different places due to my father serving in the military. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal Story" essay for you Create order My Dad retired in 2010 after 31 years of service, whereas my Mom moved on to become a Special Ed. teacher with a Masters in that field. My family and I moved to Alaska shortly after my dad’s retirement where he continued working as a bus driver and my Mom, a teacher at Reddington High School in Settlers Bay. I spent most of Elementary school in Texas and the rest of my academic career in Alaska. The best memories I have from high school began with Fridays. Friday at my school wasn’t bad at all. Very rarely did we have homework to be done over the weekends. Classes were much more relaxed and often consisted of work days. Fridays were special because for each week that went by, the closer and closer you got to freedom. A big motivation for me to go to school were my friends. We worked hard together to get good grades while having fun. All of my current best friends are people I met in high school. When you’re going through the same kind of life problems, it’s nice to have a group of friends to help you along the way. Although there were good times, high school consisted some of the worst. Something that goes hand in hand with friend groups is drama. Highschool can be very dramatic and can find yourself in the middle of it. I learned that sometimes it’s best to just ignore it and keep your thoughts to yourself. One memory I will never forget was going to gym, being surrounded by much fitter students and challenging obstacles. The dreaded mile run was one of the most difficult things I had to do in high school. For the life of me I could not get my time under ten minutes. Being the last person to finish your run with the longest time was one of the worst feelings and still haunts me to this day. Growing up I had a love for art and creativity. I have been drawing since I was a little child. I usually drew animals and landscapes with vibrant colors that were hung up in my room, taking up every inch of the walls. Painting quickly became my new obsession in middle school. I would spend days working on a piece for my own personal getaway from life. I have a secret respect a devotion for animals. I adore dogs more than any other animal, considering I’ve got 4 of my own at home. I have worked in a vet clinic and taken vet assisting classes, increasing my love. Volunteering at the local shelter is a hobby I will never let go of. Giving the animals a little bit a joy and seeing it in their eyes, makes every visit worth my time. Attending college has always been a life goal starting in high school. People who graduate from college make more money and open up more opportunities and choices for jobs/careers. I decided to go to college because I am a strong believer in that education opens new doors of opportunity. I’m also finding new friends that can help me along the way to graduating. I hope I can start a tradition in the family line to attend college and move up in the world. To find a career that I love and will support me in life and give me the chance to grow as a person would be a dream come true. Currently my life consists of school, family, and lots of napping. In order to keep everything on track, I must follow a strict schedule. Having my planner will help me finish projects in a timely manner, manage my time, and make sure my classes are in order. My goal is keeping a heathy balance between school and my social life. I hope by the end of this semester I will be more active and organized with my life choices. After a couple more years at Matsu College I plan on moving out of Alaska and pursue the career I’ve chosen. College was definitely a step out of my comfort zone. The fear of change took over my life after graduating high school. I was scared of making new friends and having a professor instead of a teacher. Then the stage of loneliness started to set in as my time slowly began to consist of studying. I find it hard to get out of the acutance zone with people in class. There are so many different people with different backgrounds its difficult to find the rig ht friends that fit me. The dreaded â€Å"What if?† haunts me every time I’m heading to class, thinking of the worst that can happen. Thinking like this gets my heart pumping at the chance of embarrassing myself in class, keeping me from new opportunities. I started my first semester at Middle college with no friend’s, severe depression, and anxiety. I was in a slow decline of unhealthy self-care and kept many mental health problems to myself. I was only 17 and unprepared for a big academic step such as college and independent responsibility. I was scared to ask for help and communicate what was going on in my life with the counselor, principal, even my family. I pushed myself towards poor mental health, resulting in hospitalization. I have found the chemical imbalance causing my mental problems and am taking the necessary medications to keep my depression and anxiety stable. I have developed healthy coping skills such as exercise, mindfulness, the importance of asking for help and having many different support outlets. I am able to continue my coursework and improve my academic progress.

Americas Unjust Drug War Essay - 1172 Words

The argument over drug reform and the current prohibition has been going on for years. It seems to be an argument between a wise parent and a young teenager, but as generations change more and more of the parents seem to switch sides. While prohibitionists say the mainstream drugs like cocaine, heroin, LSD, and marijuana are harmful and immoral, legalizers argue the opposite (Rachels 223). While they are both valid and interesting arguments the drugs named above still remain illegal. Many organizations and respected citizens have come to America’s attention in their support for drug reform or complete legalization of certain drugs. These people range from normal citizens who support the recreational use of marijuana to judges and ex- law†¦show more content†¦Some prohibitionists just believe that drugs are immoral. An extremely outspoken opponent of decriminalizing drugs is William J. Bennett who said, â€Å"Law enforcement is not a political option or a policy quest ion; it is a moral imperative† (Gottfried 76). Prohibitionists also believe if drugs were made legal they would be cheaper and more readily available and they are afraid that children could be at risk (Gottfried 77). Citizens who are for the reform of marijuana or any drug have obvious opposite feelings towards the previous statements. First of all citizens for drug reform state that although marijuana causes adverse health effects so do many other activities that are perfectly legal. Should the government outlaw alcohol, tobacco, and having unprotected and promiscuous sex (Rachels 224)? Also, the claim that drugs cause harm to family and friends can be rebutted with the fact that people are harmful to family and friends without the influence of drugs (Rachels 228-229). Alcohol is a completely legal drug and many people are killed in car accidents involving drunk drivers, yet alcohol is still not outlawed. In no way am I condoning driving under the influence, but it is a thought provoking argument. A great argument made by supporters of drug reform is a question posed by Michael Huemer. He says â€Å"is it unjust for the state to punish people without having a good reason for doing so?† ( Rachels 229). With validShow MoreRelatedWar on Drugs in America Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Huemer: â€Å"America’s Unjust Drug War† In the essay â€Å"America’s Unjust Drug War† by Michael Huemer, Huemer discusses the facts and opinions around the subject on whether or not the recreational use of drugs should be banned by law. Huemer believes that the American government should not prohibit the use of drugs. He brings up the point on drugs and how they harm the users and the people in the user’s life; he proves that the prohibition on drugs in unjust. Huemer believes that drug prohibition isRead MoreMass Incarceration During The United States1322 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Gallos English 3 Honors 30 March 2017 Mass Incarceration in the United States There are too many people in prison in our country and any people in prison today are non-violent drug offenders. The American war on drugs has targeted people in poverty and minorities, who are more likely to be involved in drug use. This has created a pattern of crime and incarceration and â€Å"...[a] connection between increased prison rates and lower crime is tenuous and small.† (Wyler). The prison system in ourRead MorePresident Richard Nixon s The War On Drugs1335 Words   |  6 PagesStarting in 1971, President Richard Nixon declared the War on Drugs. He stated, â€Å"America’s public enemy number one in the United States is drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it is necessary to wage a new, all-out offensive.† The War on Drugs aimed to fight against a supply and demand epidemic that had America at its knees. Nixon’s policies blatantly reflect society s attitude regarding the trafficking of illegal narcotics. In 1973, Nixon init iated an interdiction effort in MexicoRead MorePositive and Negative Impacts of the Sixties Counterculture1532 Words   |  7 Pagesthe transformation that hippies cultivated, have found the will to persist in revolutionizing social and political policy. Their alternative lifestyles and radical beleifs were the shocking blow that American culture-- segregation, McCarthyism, unjust wars, censorship--needed to prove that some Americans still had the common sense to care for one another. The young people of the sixties counterculture movement were successful at awakening awareness on many causes that are being fought in modern AmericanRead MoreAmericas War on Drugs - The Prison Industrial Complex Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesAfter viewing the documentary: Americas War on Drugs - The Prison Industrial Complex, it is clear that the Criminal Justice System is in desperate need of reconstruction and repair with policies such as the mandatory minimum sentencing act which has proven to be unsuccessful and unjust in its efforts to deter criminals from committing illegal acts as seen with the increase of incarcerations of the American people and the devastating effect it has had on those in prison and the family members ofRead MoreThe War On Drugs And America s Drug Problem1878 Words   |  8 PagesSpitz D Block 5/19/2016 The War on Drugs Based on the success and failures of the drug policies of the past, what is the best strategy for the United States to implement to help America’s drug problem? Throughout time, United States drug policy has shifted dramatically. From all drugs being legal to Prohibition and the War on Drugs, the US has had conflicting ideas about what is best for society and American citizens when it comes to drugs. The current War on Drugs has resulted in countless arrestsRead MoreThe Geo Group : A Case For Human Rights Watch965 Words   |  4 Pagescompanies are not really acting like probation officers at all but debt collectors,† says Chris Albin-Lackey, Senior Researcher for Human Rights Watch. Someone can easily be thrown back in jail if they simply get behind on those payments, fail a drug test, miss a parole appointment, or fail to maintain employment. Two thirds of parolees in the year 2000 were sent back to prison from those types of technical violations, rather from actual crimes. In addition, 87% of people in 2008 who were facingRead MoreThe Legalization Of Illegal Drugs1262 Words   |  6 PagesBefore President Richard Nixon declared drug abuse as America’s number one public enemy in 1971, the United States already had a long history of combating the use of illegal drugs. The first of its kind was the legislation that passed in San Francisco in 1875. This newly passed legislation banned the smoking of opium. However, this legislation seemed to be racially motivated. San Francisco citizens believed that Chinese men who resided in the community, and who were highly regarded as opium smokersRead MoreRacial Disparities2051 Words   |  9 PagesRacial Dispariti es in America’s Judicial System The mandatory imprisonment policies written for the judicial system are creating disparity of minority inmate population primarily due to non-violent drug crimes and the unjust mandatory minimum sentencing laws. America’s prisons are the most populated in the world, and they are disproportionately populated by minorities due to the set of mandatory imprisonment policies set in place. Over the past five decades, the disparity between races has widenedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Frederick Douglass s The Great Principles Of Political Freedom And Of Natural Justice 1723 Words   |  7 Pagesprominent issue that shaped not only America’s history but as well as Canada’s. Slavery played a crucial role in the development of today’s modern day economy. They had implemented labour power imperative to establish and advance the new world coming into place. They provided cheap labour that increased plantation products creating mass consumer markets encouraging European shipping and manufacturing. Despite these advancements slavery was inhuman and has stained America’s history, which is reinforced by

Amazon E-Business Applications

Question: Discuss about theAmazon E-Business Applications. Answer: Introduction E-business is now a trend in the business world today. Among the factors that have made e-business possible is technology. The twenty-first century has been a transformation century where the world has changed in terms of technology. Communication technology has become so common to the extent that the world has now become a global village. People on different sides of the world can communicate easily. The rampancy of communication technology paved the way for the international market (Alaine et al. 2009). People can now buy items beyond their borders at the touch of a button. Thus, the essence of this report is to discover how e-commerce works by studying Amazon, which is an e-business. The report will be instrumental in creating awareness about the existence of this market which will increase the use of this market. Understanding how the e-business system works will increase the appreciation of technology. Amazons Operations Amazon, by reputation, is the worlds largest retailer operating over the internet. It is an online company that retails goods all over the world. Using the Internet, a customer can order anything from anywhere in the world (Swarman et al. 2006). Once the client can identify the items of interest, the client will be asked to pay via credit card. People are always skeptic about inputting their credit card details over the internet because of the high risks involved. The internet is a vast place which means that anyone can tap into the information flowing in it (Foster and Lin 2007). Therefore, availing your credit card details could result in many things such as identity theft which is a common problem today. However, Amazon uses the latest of firewall and antivirus protection software which is updated on a regular basis. The software comes in handy especially because it encrypts all the information within the network. The advantage of this is that even if the network is tapped into, the hacker will not be able to access this information which leaves the client safe (Hsiu 2008). After the payment information has been inputted, the recipient at Amazons offices will take up the order and select the items that the client has ordered. Once that is done, they ship the goods to the country that the client is in. Amazon is an interesting business because it makes it possible for people living in the remotest of areas to get everything that they need even if it is not found in that country. For long distances, the goods are put on a ship which sails for several days depending on the distance. Ease of Use of the E-Commerce Site Amazons website, amazon.com, is a site that is very easy to use owing to the fact that every detail is available. For a website to be easy to use, there is a need for a step by step process to enable the clients to use the system faster. Faster services means that the clients will be more appreciative (Jerome and Chih 2010). That will increase the level of customer loyalty which is a highly valued commodity in the market today. The website uses web technology to improve the attractiveness of the site. For example, the website uses actual video advertisements for commodities such as clothes. The video, in this case, showcases models in different dresses. The site being attractive means that the clients will enjoy using the site. By using these visual aids, it is easier for clients to navigate the online system. E- Business Applications Currently Used Amazon uses an affiliate program which allows for businesses and individual clients to earn by advertising Amazons products. That is an advertising tool that Amazon uses to market its services. Amazon also allows for online sales where its retail services permit businesses to sell their products on the same platform. That allow for Amazon to earn from these businesses as they are paid a commission for providing this service. Once the businesses create their accounts, they upload an inventory (Despotovic et al. 2013). After they sale their products, the money these businesses get paid for they pay Amazon for using their services. Amazon released a self-publishing site in 2011 where they allow writers to publish their books, movies without having to use a publishing company as an intermediate. An advantage that this site brings is that it allows the writers to own their copyrights. Amazon has also invested in a fulfillment program which is an e-business application that allows businesses to store their products and ship them from Amazons fulfillment center. When businesses purchase their products, they send them to Amazons fulfillment center where these products are cataloged into the system. This program enables businesses to sell their products all over the world (Chen et al. 2016). When a business sells its products on Amazons website, Amazon fulfills the orders for the businesses customers and sends them to the clients. That chain allows for e-business to function appropriately. Amazon allows for business to run beyond the national boundaries by ensuring that goods reach the intended persons (Ragothaman et al. 2007). Using its resources, Amazon has a network that ensures that there is ample communication between businesses all over the world. With this increased linkages, e-business is possible. E-Commerce Marketing Strategies Marketing strategies for Amazon include the affiliate program which has been mentioned earlier. The affiliate program allows for Amazons clientele to earn by referring others to use Amazons services. The earning is a motivational factor which encourages these clients to continually refer others to the system. Using this program creates awareness of the online retailer which increases the number of clientele. Amazon also uses B2B and B2C strategies to increase the awareness of people. Under B2B, Amazon invites other businesses to use its services using B2B applications (Lucia et al. 2014). That ensures that Amazon can maintain a good relationship with their clients. It also provides businesses with an easy way to move their money and products. Amazon provides these services at a good price which makes them a convenient service provider. B2C is where Amazon endeavors to create a good relationship with the consumers. E- Commerce Supply Chain Strategy Amazon has multiple distribution points which enable them to make a faster delivery. The company serves the entire world with its product delivery service. Internet consumers want faster delivery of all the products they order over the internet. To earn the loyalty of these customers, Amazon ensures that it provides faster delivery of products by having multiple distribution points all over the world (Bordonaba et al. 2012). Once an order comes through, a distribution point closest to the clients area is alerted. The products are processed and fulfilled immediately. By having a distribution point close to the customer reduces freight costs which save the company serious finances. Freight costs increase the operation costs of the organization which mean that it reduces the profit margin. By ensuring that the supply chain is short, Amazon can have lower operational costs. E- Commerce Security Strategies Engaging in e-commerce comes with a lot of risks especially because the business operates over the internet. The risks are there because information transferred over the internet is prone to attack. The internet is an open space where everyone has access to. When Amazon allows individuals to create private accounts, they post private information on the internet. If poached, this information could be worth a lot of money for black marketers. Hackers can reach sensitive information which can be used to black mail people (Bogdanovic et al. 2014). Therefore, to deal with this security issue, Amazon uses sophisticated servers which are kept safe from everyday traffic. The internet is protected by a firewall which filters information sent through the network. Moreover, the information sent through the internet is encrypted to make it harder for hackers to reach the information. IT Architecture A scalable service can be described as one whose performance increases in a proportional manner to the amount of resources added. Amazon was able to grow from a bookstore to a fully decentralized service providing company. Their first system was written in C++. From then, Amazon shifted its systems into a service-oriented culture which allowed for the building of many software components independently and rapidly. The companys system was able to grow into hundreds of services where a series of application servers aggregate the information received from the website applications. That allows Amazon to function and provide its uptight delivery services. Recommendation Amazon is a company that is using the latest of technology and software in its line of business. However, for this company to retain its market position, there is a need for the company to embrace research and development. Amazon is in a risky business in that the risks involved with dealing with information over the internet is high (Lin 2013). Therefore, without having proper preventive measures to ensure that its networks are kept clear of hackers. By embracing research and development, the company will be able to keep track of the latest technological and software advancements that they can use to secure their servers. Conclusion Understanding how e-business functions is a good idea primarily because it can provide insight into how to make it better. Amazon, as a company, has its strategic goals and objectives such as growth, diversity, and expansion. There is a need for people to be aware that this delivery service exists. When people know that they can get anything from anywhere in the world, they will be able to get anything. There are things that someone may want, but he or she may lack it because it does not exist in the country. Through Amazon, it is possible to get anything from anywhere in the world at the touch of a button. 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