Catacombs essays

Catacombs essays Underground burial was common practice among ancient Mediterranean cultures, and therefore archeologist find underground burial tunnels in Egypt, Greece and many other Mediterranean lands. Catacombs were mostly built for memorial services and internment of the dead"(Catacombs1). There were a lot of uses for catacombs such as burial, celebration of martyrs, and celebration of the deceased persons of each family. There were two types of people who used the catacombs as burial grounds for their dead. When Christianity was being preached in Rome by Peter and Paul, there already there already existed in the pagan and Jewish catacombs(History1) The Romans Catholics used cremation at first then switched over to the underground burial. Then the Christians followed shortly after the Roman Catholics. The Christians did not follow pagan customs because it involved cremation. The Christians preferred burial, just as Christ was. They felt they had to respect the bodies that one day would rise from the dead. Over the years there were as much as sixty catacombs found near and in Rome. There were approximately one million Christian tombs discovered alone. (History 1) The catacombs were originally made for burial. The main religious groups at that time that used them were the Roman Catholics and the Christians. The catacombs were also used rarely for refuge when they had battles or wars. The opposing forces did not want to invade the burial ground. It was thought to be very bad luck to disturb the dead. They were afraid the spirits of the dead would haunt them.They also used the catacombs for anniversaries of the martyrs and the other dead. Martyrs means somebody who chooses to die rather than deny religious or political beliefs. The catacombs were tunnels that expanded into smaller or larger tunnels or burial places. There were rooms for all the dea...

Hepatitis-B vaccine Essays

Hepatitis-B vaccine Essays Hepatitis-B vaccine Essay Hepatitis-B vaccine Essay ESCALETED DOSE OF HEPATITIS-B VACCINE IN CHILDHOOD HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES WHILE ON CHEMOTHERAPY. Abstract. This prospective survey was conducted to happen out an effectual inoculation agenda against hepatitis B infection for the kids with haematological malignances. 60 patients between 2-15 old ages with haematological malignances on chemotherapy, negative for HBsAg and neer vaccinated for HBV before, were vaccinated with 40 mgm of vaccinum at 0, 1 and 2 months. The antibody titre was measured 6 hebdomads after disposal of last dosage and analyzed. Out of 60 enrolled, 5 died during the class of intervention and 4 dropped out before completion, go forthing 51 for concluding analysis. More than 70 % exhibited protective degree of antibody ( A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml ) against hepatitis B virus. There was no important consequence of age or sex on the antibody response, although it was higher among misss ( 90.9 % ) than male childs ( 65 % ) . Patients of non-Hodgkin s lymphoma were found to be in a better position to exhibit antibody response, compared to the leukemic kids ( P = 0.024 ) .This surve y concluded that haematological malignant neoplastic disease patients should be vaccinated with escalated doses of the vaccinum alternatively of the conventional doses. Introduction In childhood malignances, hepatitis B infection remains a major co-morbid status, which may impact the result of intervention ( Indolfi P et Al, 1992 ) . The high hazard for developing hepatitis B infection is due to immunosuppression secondary to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, multiple blood transfusions, endovenous medicines, every bit good as repeated invasive probes ( Meral A et Al, 2000 ) . Treatment with immunosuppressive drugs enhances the possibility farther of developing chronic bearer province or reactivation of HBV infection in symptomless bearers ( Ramesh M et Al, 2000 ) . This plays an inauspicious predictive function in their disease-free endurance because of holds in chemotherapy ( Meral A et Al, 2000 ) . Sing this high hazard of infection, kids with malignant neoplastic disease should be routinely vaccinated against hepatitis B. However, several surveies have shown that if vaccinated with conventional doses and agenda, the antibody titre against hepatitis B did non make the protective degree due to impaired immune response ( Indolefi P et Al, 1992 ; Mannan MA and Ghosh NK, 2003 ; Somjee S et Al, 1999 ) . We antecedently vaccinated 131 kids with malignant neoplastic diseases aged 2-15 old ages and 100 otherwise healthy kids of same age as control. All these kids were negative for hepatitis B markers. The dose and inoculation agenda used was 10 A ; micro ; gram for age A ; lt ; 10 old ages and 20 A ; micro ; gram for age A ; gt ; 10 old ages vaccinated at 0, 1 and 6 moths. The protective antibody degree ( A ; gt ; 10 IU/L ) measured 6 hebdomads after the last dosage was 10 % in the studied group compared to 98 % in the controls ( Mannan MA and Ghosh NK, 2003 ) . Several surveies have shown that utilizing the conventional dose of 10 and 20 A ; micro ; gram, a farther 4th, 5th or even 6th dose agenda as 0,1,2 and 6 ; 0,1,2,6 and 12 and 0,1,2,3,4 and 12 did non assist significantly to increase the antibody titre ( Mannan MA and Ghosh NK,2003 ; Drachman R et al,1989 ; Yetgin S et Al, 2001 ) . We, hence, decided to transport out the present survey with an escalated dose of 40 A ; micro ; gram of hepatitis B vaccinum ( Engerix B ) , irrespective of age, in childhood malignant neoplastic disease patients utilizing a agenda of 0, 1 and 2. Antibody titre was measured 6 hebdomads after disposal of the last dosage and if found amp ; gt ; 10 IU/L, was considered as protective. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey was conducted at Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University ( BSMMU ) , Dhaka from January to September 2006. Children go toing the Out-Patient and In-Patient Clinics of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department at BSMMU and a Private Clinic of a Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Specialist in Dhaka were recruited for the survey. The age bound was between 2 to 15 old ages with a diagnosing of either Leukemia or Lymphoma. All the kids recruited were in the care stage of chemotherapy and antecedently non vaccinated for hepatitis-B. Those with HBsAg positive every bit good as anti HBsAg positive were excluded. A entire figure of 60 kids were enrolled for the survey. An informed written consent was obtained from the parents. The households were besides informed that they would be able to retreat their kids from the survey at any clip they wanted ( Helsinki Declaration for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects 1964 ) . Inoculation plan: Recombinant hepatitis-B vaccinum was given intramuscularly at 40 mgm per dosage at 0, 1 and 2 months, irrespective of age. The generic merchandise of Glaxo-Smithkline Pharmacuticals Ltd. ( Engerix-B ) was used for the survey. Blood trial was performed utilizing Kit- ELISA method to mensurate antibody for HBsAg 6 hebdomads after disposal of the 3rd dosage. Antibody titre A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml was considered as protective. Detail information about the kid, haematological malignance including type, phase, age at diagnosing, specific intervention for malignance and present wellness position were collected from the medical and research lab records. Inoculation day of the month and blood trial studies were recorded meticulously. All informations were plotted and analyzed utilizing the SPSS for Windows ( Version 10.2 ) . Descriptive analysis was performed that included chi-square trial, mean, average and SD. Cut off p-value or degree of significance was A ; lt ; 0.05. Consequence A sum of 60 patients of were enrolled into the survey. Five of them died of the disease before mensurating antibody degrees and 4 dropped out during follow up. Therefore, entire 51 patients remained for concluding analysis. The age bound was between 2 to 15 old ages ; 17 ( 33.3 % ) were below 5 old ages of age, 28 ( 54.9 % ) were between 5 to 10 old ages and the remainder 6 ( 11.8 % ) were above 10 old ages ( Table I ) . On the other manus, a sum of 40 ( 78 % ) patients were male, and merely 11 ( 22 % ) were female ( Fig 1 ) . Table I. No of per centum of patients by age ( n = 51 ) : Age ( yrs ) # % A ; lt ; 5 17 33.3 5 10 28 54.9 A ; gt ; 10 06 11.8 Average = ( 6.16 A ; plusmn ; 3.14 ) old ages ; scope = ( 2 15 ) old ages. Out of 51 patients, 29 ( 56.9 % ) were diagnosed as holding leukaemia and the remainder 22 ( 43.1 % ) had lymphoma. Out of those 29 with leukaemia, 26 ( 51 % of entire 51 ) had ALL and 3 ( 5.9 % of 51 ) had AML. On the other manus, out of 22 with lymphoma, 20 ( 39.2 % of 51 ) had non-Hodgkin s Lymphoma, and the remainder 2 ( 3.9 % of 51 ) had Hodgkin s lymphoma ( Table II ) . Table II. No of per centum of patients by diagnosing ( n = 51 ) : Diagnosis No % ALL 26 51.0 AML 03 5.9 Hodgkin s disease 02 3.9 Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma 20 39.2 Table III shows the per centum of patients by antibody response in the blood measured 6 hebdomads after disposal of 3rd dosage of hepatitis B vaccinum. Over 70 % of the patients demonstrated protective degree of antibody. The average antibody degree was 125.0 A ; plusmn ; 17.09 mIU/ml. Table III. No of per centum of patients by antibody response ( n = 51 ) : Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) No % A ; lt ; 10 15 29.4 A ; sup3 ; 10 36 70.6 # Median = ( 125.0 A ; plusmn ; 17.09 ) mIU/ml. Table IV. Association between age and antibody response ( n = 51 ) : Age ( year ) Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) p-value # A ; lt ; 10 ( n = 15 ) A ; sup3 ; 10 ( n = 36 ) A ; lt ; 5 5 ( 33.3 ) * 12 ( 33.3 ) 0.752 5 10 1 ( 6.7 ) 5 ( 13.9 ) A ; lt ; 10 9 ( 60.0 ) 19 ( 52.8 ) * s in the parentheses denote matching % . # Chi-square ( c2 ) Trial was done to analyse the information ; degree of significance was 0.05. Table IV shows the association of age with antibody response. No peculiar age group was found to be more immunogenic than the others to show antibody response following hepatitis B inoculation ( p A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Table V. Association between sex and antibody response ( n = 51 ) : Sexual activity Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) p-value # A ; lt ; 10 ( n = 15 ) A ; sup3 ; 10 ( n = 36 ) Male 14 ( 35.0 ) 26 ( 65.0 ) 0.093 Female 1 ( 9.1 ) 10 ( 90.9 ) * s in the parentheses denote matching % . # Fisher s Exact Test was done analyze the information ; degree of significance was 0.05. Table V demonstrates the association between sex and antibody response. The proportion of misss developing protective antibody was observed to be higher ( 90.9 % ) than that of male childs ( 65.0 % ) . However, the difference did non make the degree of significance ( p A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Table VI. Association between diagnosing and antibody response ( n = 51 ) : Diagnosis Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) p-value # A ; lt ; 10 ( n = 15 ) A ; sup3 ; 10 ( n = 36 ) Leukemia 11 ( 37.9 ) * 18 ( 62.1 ) 0.125 Lymphoma 4 ( 18.2 ) 18 ( 81.8 ) * s in the parentheses denote matching % . # Fisher s Exact Test was done analyze the information ; degree of significance was 0.05. Table VI demonstrates the antibody response of patients based on diagnosing. The patients with lymphoma exhibited a higher rate of protective antibody degree ( 81.8 % ) than the patients with leukaemia ( 62.1 % ) , although the difference did non turn to be important ( P A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Table VII. Association between type of malignance and antibody titre ( n = 51 ) : Type of malignance Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) p-value # A ; lt ; 10 ( n = 15 ) A ; sup3 ; 10 ( n = 36 ) ALL 10 ( 38.5 ) * 16 ( 61.5 ) 0.024 AML 1 ( 33.3 ) 2 ( 66.7 ) Hodgkin 2 ( 100.0 ) 00 Non-Hodgkin 2 ( 10.0 ) 18 ( 90.0 ) * s in the parentheses denote matching % . # Chi-square ( c2 ) Trial was done to analyse the information ; degree of significance was 0.05. Table VII demonstrates that 90 % of the non-Hodgkin s lymphoma had protective degree of antibody, while 61.5 % of ALL and 65.7 % of AML had protective degree of antibody. The association between non-Hodgkin s disease and antibody response against hepatitis B inoculation was found to be important ( p = 0.024 ) . Discussion Hepatitis B inoculation can bring on seroconversion in 65-95 % of healthy kids ( Jilg W et Al, 1989 ) . The present survey demonstrated that more than 70 % of the topics developed protective degree of antibody titre ( A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml ) 6 hebdomads after disposal of 3rd dosage of 40 mgm of recombinant HBV vaccinum. No unwanted side-effects, except hurting and inflammation at the site of injection, were encountered by the topics. In our old survey where 10 mgm of vaccinum was used in kids A ; lt ; 10 old ages of age and 20 mgm in older kids at 0, 1 and 6 months, the protective degree of antibody in the malignant neoplastic disease group measured 6 hebdomads after the last dosage was merely 10 % compared to 98 % in the control opposite number ( p A ; lt ; 0.01 ) ( Mannan MA and Ghosh NK, 2003 ) . In the 2nd stage of the same survey, inoculation plan was rescheduled with figure of doses increased from 3 to 4 and were given at close intervals ( 0, 1, 2 and 6 months ) . The consequen ces obtained showed that protective antibody degree in malignant neoplastic disease group reached from enormously low 10 % to 57 % ( unpublished information ) . Three series of surveies therefore conducted show that escalated dose aid a considerable figure of immune-compromised kids grow protective degree of antibody against hepatitis B. Meral et Al utilizing an escalated dosage at 0, 1, 2 and 12 months achieved a serconversion rate of 75 % in patients with haematological malignances following first three doses and 86 % after completion of 4 doses bearing consistence with findings of the present survey. In the present survey a significantly higher proportion of lymphoma patients demonstrated higher degrees of protective antibody ( 90 % ) than that in leukaemia ( 61.5 % ) . Meral s survey, on the other manus, showed that patients with lymphoma had the least response compared to patients with leukaemia and solid tumours ( p = 0.0003, P = 0.0161 ) . The ground of this disagreement might be that in our survey bulk of the lymphoma patients had non-Hodgkin s disease, whereas in their survey most of the kids with lymphoma had Hodgkin s disease, which might play a function in the lessened response to inoculation owing to basic cellular immune upsets associated with the disease ( Goyal S et Al, 1998 ) . Furthermore, in their survey, the kids with lymphoma and solid tumours were vaccinated at diagnosing when they had the most intensive chemotherapy. This might do more immunosuppression in them. Pervious similar surveies besides demonstrated impaired immune response to active inoculation in ki ds with leukaemia during intensive chemotherapy ( Hudson MM and Donaldson SS, 1997 ; Berberoglu S et Al, 1995 ) . In the Meral s survey, 86 % of the to the full immunized kids ( 4 doses completed ) developed lasting anti-HBs positiveness. Serconversion rates with regard to diagnosis were 90.3 % in leukaemia, 74 % in lymphoma and 94.4 % in solid tumours. Serpositivity increased from 48 % to 74 % in lymphoma and from 77 % to 94 % in solid tumours after 4th dosage. Berberoglu et Al, besides demonstrated that seropositivity increased from 56 % at 6 months to 70.5 % at 12 months after the 4th dosage. A inoculation plan was conducted by Indolfi et Al, on 80 patients aged between 1-15 old ages, holding negative serology for hepatitis-B and with normal liver map utilizing a recombinant DNA hepatitis-B vaccinum at doses of 40 mgm at close intervals ( 0, 1, 2 months ) with a supporter dosage at one twelvemonth. A 4th dosage ( 40 mgm ) was given at the 4th month to patients who did non react to three doses. Sixty-one kids, 38 with diagnosing of leukemia/lymphoma and 23 with solid tumours, completed the scheduled class. Over half ( 52.45 % ) of the topics responded with anti-HBs titre of A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml further stressing the significance of escalated dosage of HBV inoculation in immune-compromised kids. However, studies of low antibody response even after utilizing escalated dose and figure of inoculation is no less. Ramesh et Al, showed that merely 28.6 % of the topics mounted an antibody response making protective value of A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml after four dual doses of recombinant hepatitis B vaccinum. Similar observations were in an earlier survey ( Hudson MM and Donaldson SS, 1997 ) where merely a 3rd ( 32 % ) of the paediatric malignant neoplastic disease patients on chemotherapy mounted a protective response with figure of respondents being similar in haematological and solid malignances. Rokicka-Milewska et Al, administered active immunisation in kids with leukaemia and lymphoma. They showed that antibody titres were much higher in patients vaccinated after surcease of chemotherapy than those vaccinated in the class of care intervention. Goyal et Al, vaccinated leukemic kids at diagnosing, and merely 10.5 % of them had protective antibody titres. In their survey, 48.8 % of kids were infected with HBV. Their informations demonstrated that inoculation during the intensive chemotherapy period was non effectual. This might be a consequence of immunosuppression induced by both the disease and the intervention with cytotoxic drugs that diminished the response to inoculation. Therefore inactive immunisation with hyper Ig followed by active immunisation after the surcease of intensive chemotherapy could be a better option in these kids. Pilecki O et Al, used both inactive and active immunisation in kids with haematological proliferative diseases. They besides reported that usage of both active and inactive immunisation helped cut downing the rate of HBV infection aggressively from 43.3 % to 2.56 % . Surveies sing hepatitis B inoculation in kids with malignant neoplastic disease have observed the effects of age, sex and tumour and vaccinum type on antibody response. This response has been reported to be better in kids younger than 10 old ages and in misss ( Berberoglu S et Al, 1995 and Hollinger BF, 1989 ) . Different surveies stated that highest antibody responses were obtained in solid tumour groups since impaired figure of maps of lymph cells cause hapless vaccinum response in lymphoreticular malignances ( Meral A et Al, 2000 ; Hudson MM and Donaldson SS, 1997 ; Lehmbecher T et Al, 1997 ) .Corapcioglu et Al, nevertheless, did non happen any consequence of age and sex vaccinum and tumour type on antibody response. In our survey, no important consequence of age on antibody response was revealed. However, protective degree of antibody was demonstrated to be higher among misss ( 90.9 % ) than that among male childs ( 65 % ) , although the difference did non make the degree of sign ificance ( p = 0.093 ) . As serconversion was compared in footings of tumour type, patients of non-Hodgkin s lymphoma were found to be in a better place to exhibit important degree of antibody, compared to the leukemic kids ( P = 0.024 ) . Decision This present survey concludes that haematological malignant neoplastic disease patients classified as A ; lsquo ; non-responders after being vaccinated with conventional doses are really non so. Rather, they need a higher dosage to excite their already compromised immune system, because most of these kids responded to the escalated dosage of the vaccinum. Mentions Berberoglu S, Buyukpamukco M, Sarialioglu F et Al. Hepatitis B inoculation in kids with malignant neoplastic disease. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1995 ; 12: 171-78. Corapcioglu F, Sarialioglu F, Olgun Nuysal KM. A marking system for the effectivity of having intervention for malignant neoplastic disease. Turk J Cancer 2001 ; 31 ( 4 ) : 150-57. Drachman R, Isacsohn M, Rudensky B, Drukker A. inoculation against hepatitis B in kids and adolescent kids on dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1989 ; 4 ( 5 ) : 372-74. Goyal S, Pai S, Kelkar R, Advani SH. Hepatitis B inoculation in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia Research 1998 ; 22: 193-95. Hollinger BF. Factors act uponing the immune response to hepatitis-B vaccinum, Booster dose guidelines and vaccinum protocol recommendations. Am J Med 1989 ; 87: 36-40. Hudson MM, Donaldson SS. Hodgkin s disease. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, editors Principles and pattern of paediatric oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers ; 1997 ; 523-43. Indolfi P, Casale F, Mazzei A, La Manna A, Cutillo L, Calabria C et Al. Response to Hepatitis-B Vaccine in kids with malignant neoplastic disease. PROC twentieth INT CONGR PEDIATR RIO DE JANERIO. 1992 ; 111. Jilg W, Schimidt M, Dienhardt F. Vaccination against hepatitis B: comparing of three different inoculation agendas. J Infect Dis 1989 ; 160: 766-69. Lehmbecher T, Foster C, Vazquez N et Al. Therapy-induced changes in host defence in kids having for malignant neoplastic disease. J Pediatr Hematol-Oncol 1997 ; 19: 399-417. Mannan MA, Ghosh NK. Redeuced Immunocompetence in Children with Cancer Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 2003 ; 27 ( 2 ) : 25. Meral A, Sevinir B, Gunay U. Efficacy of Immunization against Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Children with Cancer. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 2000 ; 35: 47- 51. Pilecki O, Wysocki M, Styczynski J et Al. Efficacy of inactive and active Immunization against HBV infection in kids with neoplastic disease. Pediatr Pol 1995 ; 395-99. Ramesh M, Marwaha RK, Chawla YK, Trehan A. Serconversion after hepatitis B inoculation in kids having malignant neoplastic disease chemotherapy. Indian Pediatrics 2000 ; 37: 882-86. Rokicka-Milewska R, Jackoska T, Sopylo B et Al. Active immunisation of kids with leukaemia and lymphomas against infection by hepatitis B virus. Acta Pediatr Jpn 1993 ; 35: 400-3. Somjee S, Pai S, Kelkar R, Advani S. Hepatitis-B Vaccination in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Consequences of an Intensified Immunization Schedule. Leuk Res 1999 ; 23 ( 4 ) : 365-67. Yetgin S, Tunc B, Koc A, Toksoy HB, Ceyham M, Kanra G. Two supporter dosage Hepatitis B virus inoculation in patients with leukaemia. Leukemia Research 2001 ; 25: 647-49.

7 Steps to Stop Overthinking Everything in Your Life

7 Steps to Stop Overthinking Everything in Your Life You know you do it. It takes you half an hour to decide which sandwich to order at lunch. A week to decide what to do with your weekend. Years to decide in which direction you want to take your career. You tell yourself just to make a darn decision, but as soon as you do the chorus of doubts and second-guessing starts. If you want to make faster and better life decisions, it’s important to stop overthinking everything in your life. Here are 7 excellent strategies for how to clear your head.1. Zoom out and look at the big pictureBe a bit more mindful and start observing your thoughts from a distance. Rather than getting all caught up in the moment, observe your process and try to take the panic out of it. Simply noticing the restlessness of your mind without being swept away by that can help.2. Write it downIf you don’t have someone to talk your options through with, you can always talk them through with yourself- at least on paper. You’ll be able to organize (and see) your thought process and perhaps see the situation much more clearly.3. Stop thinking so muchSometimes designating â€Å"no-thinking times† is the way to go. If you have trouble sleeping, for example, limit yourself to not thinking about stressful things after 8 p.m. Or, you could schedule specific thinking time (say in 20 minute sections) and try to keep the hamster wheel still the rest of your day. When your time is up, move on to something more productive and try again in your next designated time slot.4.  Walk away for a momentIt’s really hard to concentrate on two things at once. Distract yourself from mental torture by doing literally anything else. Find an absorbing activity and use it as a cure-all for depressed or stressed moments.5. Be proactiveBreak a thought spiral by taking proactive steps towards getting something done. Pick one thing you can do now and focus on that. Do that one thing. And whenever you find yourself worrying endlessly about the f uture, take a break and repeat.6. Listen to and trust yourselfYour own opinion matters. Respect it. Trust yourself to make the right choice. And let go of the doubts.7. Know you can change your mindEven if you do make the â€Å"wrong† choice, don’t despair. It’s not worth gnashing your teeth over a decision when you’re really just worried you won’t choose correctly. Take away that fear by realizing that, no matter what happens, you can always change the wrong decision and correct things. No decisions are final. So no decisions require agonizing deliberation.

First topic is (Arrest Discretion) & the second is (The war on Drugs) Essay

First topic is (Arrest Discretion) & the second is (The war on Drugs) - Essay Example The guardian was his fifty-two year old grandmother who was his legal guardian because his mother was unfit to take care of her children. The juvenile has not lived with his guardian for a year. He was a drug dealer and was drunk when he attempted to enter his grandmother’s home. His grandmother commenced to hit him because he displayed disorderly conduct, calling her a â€Å"bitch.† A police officer was called to her home. Since her grandson was under eighteen, the grandmother could have been legally arrested because she was guilty of assault, physical child abuse, and neglect, but based on the circumstances, the juvenile was told not to come back to the home. In this case, arrest discretion was used to determine if arresting the grandmother was proper. Police officers use arrest discretion in many situations. When an officer does not want to make an arrest, he or she does not make an attempt to threaten the person. When an officer is at the end of his or her shift, the officer knows that he or she will not see the person again. However, when the officer wants to make an arrest, the officer picks a person out of the group who is usually rude and places them under arrest. Regardless of departmental regulations, officers frequently use arrest discretion techniques when deciding who should be placed under arrest. Police officers play a detrimental part in the fight against illegal drugs. Drugs existed long before people were arrested for drugs. Jails are filled with people who have been caught with drugs. However, police officers should practice police management in an effort to fight the war on drugs, which would reduce the number of arrests and the costs for imprisonment. Drugs are compared to the affects of alcohol in the 1830’s, which caused immoral activities and a need for laws banning its distribution. However, the problem is not the drug itself. It is the violent consequence from its distribution and sell. The drug

How did the Roman Republic become the Roman Empire Research Paper

How did the Roman Republic become the Roman Empire - Research Paper Example The Roman Empire owes its expansion to able rulers who ruled with autocracy. The Roman Empire was able to stand for that long because of the religious believes of the Romans. This is because they believed in their supreme deity Jupiter. They believed Jupiter granted them limitless empire. Thus they believed that the whole world should be under their rule perhaps this explain their endless effort to extend their empire. Latin language was the universal language and this provided cohesion. The Roman Empire was so big that it is can be equated with 40 countries of nowadays. It extended from north England, Asia, Africa and Mediterranean. It is also important to note that it has not been smooth ceiling for the Romans in the transition from a republic to an empire. This is because this transition was characterized civil wars as people were against the extension. The Roman Empire had diverse cultures since it existed and controlled many people. The rulers had to adjust to give everyone free dom of worship. Their style of ruling has had a large contribution to the modern politics. Their religion too has affected the way people worship. An example is the Roman Catholic Church. This religion came into existence because of the Christian rulers who ascended to power. The advancement of Roman Empire in such a quick way was because they had military prowess. There was no nation at that time that matched the military prowess of the Romans. They conquered almost the whole of Europe, Asia, Mediterranean, Persia and Egypt. Despite their military prowess, they were unable to conquer Germany. This is because the Germans resisted their advancement. The Germans were decentralized as opposed to other communities that were centralized hence it was difficult to subdue the Germans. This later led to the collapse of the Roman Empire. There were several reasons that made Roman Empire to rise and dominate the largest empire in the world for so long. The first reason is the naval dominance. The Romans dominated the coastline for long. This ensured that they had military or naval advantage since they could locate approaching enemies from far, thus giving them time to prepare. They were also able to deploy their army with ease along the coastline hence giving them military advantage. The naval dominance also was lucrative. This is because they were able to control trade as they controlled the coastline. This enabled them to amass wealth from proceeds of trade. Their success in naval dominance came after the defeat of Carthage by Romans in the Punic war, which gave the Romans the chance to control fully the Mediterranean. The Romans further used appeasement to advance. This is because they ensured that the local were satisfied to reduce military work. They gave the locals freedom of worship and allowed them to observe their culture. This ensured that military concentrated on further advancement of the empire rather than using them for controlling the local thus, they were able to reduce drain on military. The other reason is that the Romans provided political stability and promoted commerce. The people under the Roman Empire received protection from enemies by strong military. They ensured there was free trade and they provided unitary currency to ease transactions. With this, they ensured that the locals were happy to reduce internal conflict. In fact, few people in the Roman Empire were below poverty line. The other reason

Students eye careers in creating mobile applications Research Paper

Students eye careers in creating mobile applications - Research Paper Example After analyzing the external environment, the business proposal focuses on the internal issues. The internal assessment requires different requirements such as business name and the products that shall be provided to the potential customers. In the similar fashion, the next part elaborates rationale and reasons that were used to select a particular business. Having entertained these objectives, the business proposal elaborates mission, vision, goals and objectives. Being strategic in nature, it was highly important to consider these factors before moving ahead. The PESTLE analysis The PESTLE analysis takes into account and evaluates external business environment. The political aspect of the analysis considers political dimensions of the external business environment. In the business proposal, the UAE’s political environment remains investment friendly and supports investment activities in the country. The economic analysis considers external economic factors which directly or indirectly affect businesses and their operations. It takes into account GDP rate, trade balance and so on. The social analysis considers social issues. It uses education, health, population and other indicators and evaluates them in the light of objectives. In the business proposal, the UAE education graph has been constantly increasing, showing the resolve of the UAE government toward the education cause. The technological analysis puts light on technology related issues. The UAE is experiencing a substantial growth in the IT and telecommunication industry. In this regard, the role and contribution of DSO has been remarkable towards the technological development of the UAE. The legal analysis takes into account the legal aspects that are prevalent in the external environment. The UAE has most efficient and competent judicial system. The environmental analysis describes environment-related issues. It takes into account pollution, CO2 emissions, green house gases and other issues af fecting local or international environment. The UAE government has introduced EIA program. The main objective is to assess environment and factors affecting the environment. For that purpose, the UAE government has put in place strong measures. Business name, products and services This segment includes business name, products and services that the company shall provide to potential users. U-Phone Mobile Company Limited has been proposed name for the company. The company shall be registered with this name and having patent rights attached with the name. The proposed business shall offer numerous mobile applications development that include iPhone, Android, BlackBerry OS shall be used to develop different mobile applications. Reasons for selecting the business The purpose of this section is to highlight the reasons behind the selection of the proposed business and the proposed industry. It takes into account different angles and measures which are relevant to the proposed business and the proposed industry. This segment has a considerable significance in comparison with the other segments of the business proposal. First, it highlights the specific industry and its current business, marketing, demand and supply aspects of the business. It not only focuses on the mobile users, but also indicates the changing trends and patterns from the traditional use of the mobile services to the

Re-Educating Health Care Providers on Hand Hygiene Practice Essay

Re-Educating Health Care Providers on Hand Hygiene Practice - Essay Example Hospital Acquired infections (HAIs) present a serious challenge in provision of healthcare services to patients in hospital settings. Studies indicate that about 80 percent of patients who contract HAIs often succumb to the diseases and die while receiving treatment in the hospital (Ivers, et al. 2012). The numbers have since risen up and it has become increasingly difficult for researchers to point to the exact numbers of patients suffering from HAIs. Nevertheless, existing literature has produced a lot of evidence pointing to the role of hand hygiene practices in reducing the rates of HAIs. However, compliance rates to hand hygiene practices such as hand washing and gelling remain low, which makes it difficult to prevent HAIs. There is also a gap in available literature concerning the impact of specific hand hygiene programs in reducing the rates of HAIs. This project assesses how reeducation can enhance compliance to hand hygiene in hospital settings thereby reducing the rates of HAIs. Hand hygiene encompasses various technics and practices for cleansing hands before and after treating patients. Several agents such as antiseptic agents, anti-microbial soaps, alcohol based rubs, plain soaps, and antiseptic agents play a critical role in hand hygiene practices. The main underlying factor is that compliance with hand hygiene practices reduces the rates of related infections to a greater extent (Ivers, et al. 2012). However, inadequacies exist in the literature available regarding how to increase compliance with hand hygiene practices before and after attending to each patient according to the guidelines stipulated by the WHO (Dennison & Prevost, 2012).