US Role in the Middle East Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

US Role in the Middle East - Research Paper Example Over a certain period of time, the US influence has increased in the Middle East in order to ensure that stability is maintained in the region. To achieve the objectives of strengthening democracy, achieving stability as well as economic development, the United States has remained one of the most instrumental players in the region. However, it is critical to note that the overall role of the US is not just maintaining stability but also to gain more and more control of oil and other energy resources available in the region. Therefore, the economic interest is perceived as one of the key reasons as to why the US and other powers actively pursue stability within the region. However, it is critical that the US and other superpowers should not directly be involved in the overall affairs of the Middle East as their involvement is largely driven by their self-interests rather than the welfare of people living in the region. This paper will argue that US involvement in the Middle East is largely based on its economic interests. Like most of the world, the Middle East also remained under the occupation of colonial forces and the region as a whole has its own history of fighting colonialism. However, years of stereotyping and general dissent against Islam, western powers including the US continued to pursue in order to further their own national interests. Years of economic interests in the region and the deliberate role of the US in the region has created a negative impression about the Middle East and Arabs. Even films made in modern times have depicted Arabs as bad people from rogue states with evil objectives. (Shah) Therefore, many see the role of US in the Middle East from a cultural and historical perspective because this was the region, which effectively fought against during Crusades and occupied parts of Europe

Mass Communication Essay Example for Free

Mass Communication Essay According to historical evidence, oral exchange of news was the common method of communication in ancient India, whereas the modern medium of communication system was originated since the end of the eighteenth century. The present inquiry deals with variety of sub topics when analyzing Indian mass media. The coverage, popularity, diversification, westernization, commercialization, technology, entertainment, education, politics, sex, violence, women and children, are some of such topics which are deeply and sociologically analyzed in the study. The print media, Radio, TV, and Films are taken into account as comprised of Indian mass media throughout the study. Having understood that the nature of mass media is determined by social conditions, a Herculean attempt is made to understand Indian mass media as a manifestation of social implications in association with the society of India. According to study, Indian mass media is a symbol as well as a reflection of India society, which is extremely heterogeneous, diverse, and most importantly, a place of wide range of opinions. These criteria are relative, since the earliest forms of mass media (the printed book or pamphlet) were limited to the minority of a society that happened to be [emailprotected] com 20 literate and relatively close to the place of publication. There has been a continuous line of development of technologies since the earliest forms of media (rock paintings) to the latest digital forms that have expanded the capacity, speed and efficiency of transmission (McQuail, 2000). Meanwhile, as Block (1979) argues, mass media refers to methods of message transmission over space and time. Media involves a communication process by which messages are sent through space; both the [emailprotected] com Tilak Wijesundara International Journal of Communicology 2011;1(1) channels have come into existence and have been attracted by millions of listeners. Moreover, in India, Television made a humble debut when Doordarshan (DD) was initiated in 1959. Today, Television service is available throughout the country, directly as terrestrial TV and through cable operators, as satellite TV. When taking Films into consideration, India? s first Film was screened in 1896. Today, Indian Film industry which is widely known as â€Å"Bolliwood† is the largest Film industry in the world, producing over 800 Films annually. The present inquiry deals with variety of sub topics when analyzing Indian mass media. The coverage, popularity, diversification, westernization, commercialization, technology, entertainment, education, politics, sex, violence, women and children, are some of such topics which are deeply and sociologically analyzed in this regard. The print media, Radio, TV, and Films are taken into account as comprised of Indian mass media throughout the study. Having understood that the nature of mass media is determined by social conditions, a Himalayan attempt is made to understand Indian mass media as a manifestation of social implications prevalent in association with the society of India. It is due to this reason that a Sociological analysis is applied throughout the study as it bringsthe hidden realities of Indian society in general and its mass media in particular. Popularity Although it is evident that the overall popularity of mass media has been increasing, it is notable that this popularity varies in different media. In colonial India, print media had acquired an immense popularity among people as the vehicle of 21 sender and receiver devote time within that process (Hornic, Schlinger, 1981). So, in generally, as McQuail (2000) points out, it is not incorrect to denote the idea that the term „mass media? is shorthand to describe means of communication that operate on a large scale, reaching and involving virtually everyone in a society to a greater or lesser degree. It refers to a number of media that are now longestablished and familiar, such as newspapers, magazines, film, radio, television and the phonograph (recorded music). As historical factors indicate, oral exchange of news was the common method of communication in ancient India. As Malhan (1992) illustrates, religions and religious places (places of worship) employed every available medium of communication in that period. In addition, bathing places, tanks, riverbanks, sea shores, chopals also acted as forms of communication. It is also evident that educational institutions equally played a significant role in activating the process of communication in India in the past. The modern medium of communication system is seen to be originated in the land of India since the end of the eighteenth century. The print media came into existence at the end of the eighteenth century symbolizing the first modern medium of communication and information. Indian press today is one of the largest in the world with more than 30,000 Newspapers published with an annual circulation that exceeds 55 million copies. Meanwhile, it is true to state that India was among one of the earliest countries to adopt broadcasting. The cable subscriber base has increased from around 0. 05 million in the early 90s? to around 24 million by 1999-2000. Today, it is possible to view over 75 channels over satellite cable Television. In any case, as many studies do suggest, the prevalence of audio-visual media has not crippled the popularity of films. As Malhan (1992) suggests, even though TV and Video provide most of the ingredients within the home with all the comforts, people still prefer to see pictures on wider screens in crowded halls. In fact, Films provide the most direct communication to the mind and images do not need to be translated to be understood. It cuts language barriers and can be enjoyed by both the educated and the fool alike. The songs and dances in Films are immensely popular among masses and popular Film stars live in the hearts of common people for generations. What is interesting to see is that Western audiences are becoming more interested in Indian Films, which has made Indian Films a global phenomenon. Diversification The diversification has been a notable feature in Indian mass media. This symbolizes the diversity of India? s people. In 2001, India had 45,974 newspapers 22 independent movement and the voice of the people. Nevertheless, it is evident that this popularity shifted to Radio and TV with their emergence as audio-visual media, and this shift is significant after independence. Simultaneously, newspapers made a detachment of the general public. It is true that newspapers today have become a class medium. According to the present estimates, newspapers are purchased and read by less than 20% of India? s total population. Meanwhile, the broadcasting media have the capacity to reach out to the people in every four corners of the country. By indicating the popularity of Indian Radio, Malhan (1992) illustrates, â€Å"as a comparatively low cost spoken word medium, it has become a constant companion for farmers, workers, travelers, sports lovers and for all those who are interested in news, music, drama, quiz programs, farm bulletins, or views of eminent persons on public affairs. Because of its low cost and easy availability, it has been a common man? s paradise, and for people, a symbol of social respectability as well. However, it is incorrect to mention that the existence of print media has been totally paralyzed today, rather, evidence indicate that particularly the book publishing industry has been growing at an exceedingly higher level, with around 10,000 publishers and around 40,000 new titles every year. The domestic publishing market is in fact one of largest in the world today. Since its beginning, Television has acquired an immense popularity as the key media in the world. According to one idea, it is clear that Television is central to the processes of media saturation. Indeed, Television is central to modern society altogether (Abercrombie, 1997). The popularity of Television symbolizes the increase of [emailprotected] com [emailprotected] com Tilak Wijesundara International Journal of Communicology 2011;1(1) large country where many languages are spoken. Each of the larger languages supports its own Film industry: Urdu/Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam. Accordingly, the Indian film industry is placed in diverse regions as follows; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Hindi/Urdu film industry, based on Mumbai is called „Bollywood The Marathi film industry, based on Mumbai and Pune The Tamil film industry, based on Chennai, Tamilnadu The Bengali film industry, based on Kolkata, West Begall The kannada film industry, based on the state of Karnataka The Telugu film industry, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh based on including 5364 daily newspapers published in over 100 languages. The largest number of newspapers were published in Hindi (20,589), followed by English (7,596), Marathi (2,943), Urdu (2,906), Bengali (2,741), Gujarati (2,215), Tamil (2,119), Kannada (1,816), Malayalam (1,505), and Telugu (1,289). The diversification is also apparent in Indian Broadcasting media. For instance, All India Radio? s (AIR) programs have been diversified over the years. Today, its home service programs are transmitted for 3. 91 hours every year. In addition, there are also external service transmissions which present programs in 17 foreign languages and 8 Indian languages for over 56 hours daily. AIR broadcasts programs for special audiences and occasions. Specific programs are relayed for the armed forces, women and children, youth students, industrial workers, and rural and tribal people. Fourteen stations broadcast daily programs twice a week in regional languages for women with the objective of providing entertainment and imparting information on household topics. Programs on family welfare, a very important information sector for the welfare of the women are planned and produced by 36 family welfare units at various broadcasting networks. These programs are integrated with the general programs as well as those meant for special audiences like rural, folk, women, youth, and industrial workers (Malhan,1992). Indian Television has achieved an immense success in reaching wide range of viewers. The prevalence of over 75 channels itself indicates its veracity. Doordarshan (DD) alone offers diverse national, regional, and local service for Indian Television viewers. The diversification is immensely visible in association with Indian Films. India is a [emailprotected] com The Malayalam film industry, based on the state of Kerala What all these factors suggest is that Indian mass media are highly diversified in order to access multitude of people. Commercialization/ Westernization In the present scenario, it has been often put forward the fact that Indian mass media are enormously subject to commercialization and Westernization. This is particularly true with regard to Television and Cinema. As D? Souza (1998) indicates, contemporary film making is a big financing venture more than ever before. It is usually controlled by commercial consideration rather than the demand o the art. Films make no demands on the power of thinking, rather, ignore it for the sake of commerce. This argument is supported by Malhan (1992) when he denotes the fact that the Cinema after independence is predominately commercial so far as feature films are concerned. 23 [emailprotected] com Tilak Wijesundara International Journal of Communicology 2011;1(1) advertisements or advertorials is disguised as news. Whatever it is, it can be assumed that the process of commercialization and westernization have been in a tremendous enhancement after 1990s than ever before, with the introduction of liberalization and privatization policies. Technology It is crystal clear that all the mainstream mass media in India are under the impact of high technological appliances. As Malhan (1992) indicates, the advanced technologies such as adaptation of satellite communication and broadcasting, electronic printing, electronic and digital technology, extensive use of Tele-communication, internet and computer machinery are enormously benefited by the print media today. Television and Radio too has no exception in this direction. Moreover, Indian Cinema is in extreme use of new and effective technology in the process of Film making, recording and screening. However, as D? Souza (1998) points out, even though India has been using an increasing level of technology, very powerful political and economic forces have gained control over technology in general and communication system in particular. This has obstructed the communication flow from and to the grass root level. What is indeed true is that Indian mass media today are in the hands of few business houses and companies. As Sahay et al (2006) remarks, the most visible change is the growing influence of commercial departments in the media companies in India.

Automobiles in Early America Essay examples -- Transportation Technolo

Automobiles in Early America The automobile changed American life, but the process was gradual. Though historians argue the date and inventor of the first automobile, we can say that Henry Ford’s creation of his Ford Motor Company in 1903 marked perhaps the major milestone of the early twentieth century automobile industry in America and around the world. Five years after the company’s inception, Ford’s legendary Model T of 1908 would revolutionize transportation and the world economy. Before the Model T, automobiles in the US were associated with only the wealthier class. Ford sought to make cars available to every American. His cars would assume the general build that continues to characterize automobiles today, and his innovation and system of production would make him a legend.[i] The automobile led to an extremely advanced system of roads and contributed to an American mentality of freedom to move.[ii] Early drivers saw both benefits and difficulties as the automobile became the standard American mode of transportation. Philip Van Doren Stern, American historian and writer, describes the early years of automobiles in the US. Between 1904 and 1907, roads were unpaved and cars were not enclosed, so it was of utmost importance to wear proper attire. Clothes were made to protect against dust and rain, but these high-class riders required this new gear to be made from the best materials, like leather and fur. In the 1920s, when most cars were built completely enclosed, there was no longer a need for these elaborate outfits. During the early years of the century, drivers braved uncharted territory with their automobiles despite the rugged mechanics of the vehicles and the absence of smoot... ...fthompso/MgmtCon/Fordism_&_Postfordism.html [vi] Thompson, Fred. (most of paragraph’s information comes from web site above) [vii] Bellis, Henry Ford and The First Mass Production of Cars – The Assembly Line, About.com [viii] Antique Automobile Club of America, Automotive History – A Chronological History [ix] Weingroff, Richard F. The Federal-State Partnership at Work. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Public Roads Web site, 1996. [x] Weingroff, The Federal-State Partnership at Work. [xi] Stern, pages 154-173 [xii] University of Houston. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=454 [xiii] Faulkner, William. The Sound and the Fury. New York: Vintage Books, 1984. [xiv] Stern, page 23 [xv] Antique Automobile Club of America, Automotive History – The Assembly Line

Capital One Financial Corp: Setting and Shaping Strategy Essay

Strategy Capital One Financial Corp’s strategy is to develop and market products and services to satisfy the demands of a competitive and ever-changing marketplace by utilizing information technology for mass customization which will deliver the right product to the right customer at the right time and at the right price. Such a strategy requires the employment of talented people and a flexible culture promoting innovation to help identify, develop and market products and services. Capital One’s information-based strategy, or IBS, serves as the strategy to improve operations in every aspect of the company. IBS technology enables Capital One to provide more valuable products, thereby creating a positional advantage over its competitors. However, by focusing on the IBS capability as its sole competitive advantage, Capital One neglects any positional advantages, such as its brand, that might become more valuable than the potential advantage IBS might yield elsewhere. Analysis Capital One makes it a point to hire the top talent from top schools. Even though this is an important initiative to obtain quality assets, it is just as important to organize such assets in a way that achieves competitive advantage. Capital One has done a good job aligning its organizational structure with its strategy. Its functional structure enables Capital One to facilitate technical excellence within each function and still achieve cross-functional sharing of information or knowledge due to its loose coupling of departments. By aligning the internal organizational structure with the talented resources they become a source of competitive advantage. Capital One created a culture that rewarded data and fact-based decision making which flattened its hierarchy and promoted innovation. Employees were empowered to test and learn through all aspects of the organization. Performance reviews were conducted by peers and bosses, providing constant feedback. Compensation was heavily weighted on cash bonuses and long-term incentives; further aligning employee behaviors with the long-term goals of the company. Departments were encouraged to work closely with each other, which promoted information sharing. This loose coupling benefited Capital One’s explorative initiatives in finding completely novel ways of doing things, rather than doing the same things better than the competition. Capital One’s IBS capabilities aligned with its internal functions enabled it to differentiate its credit card product offering from the existing competitors. In so doing, it attracted the lowest risk applicants creating a completely new super-prime market segment. Due to the explosive success of the credit card divisions, it would be very easy to support the Summit Acceptance Corporation initiative. The IBS capability was easily applied to the credit sector, and one would deduce that this competitive advantage would be successful in other credit-based markets. Even though Capital One was in a position to easily leverage its existing IBS capabilities into products not previously considered, it would be difficult to support the America One initiative. There was a lack of synergy with Capital One’s existing operations, and the telecommunication market was a drastically different industry. Alternatives Even though Capital One experienced rapid growth and success in the credit industry due to its superior IBS capabilities, it is clear that the company’s strategy is lacking exploitive competencies. Systems have become increasingly complex and duplicative which could impact Capital One’s ability to react to environmental changes quickly. The company’s explorative focus on growth and change has made it difficult for the finance division to forecast effectively. The company must continually develop and deepen its current IBS advantage if it is to meet the challenge of competition both locally and globally. They are great at exploring new opportunities but fall short from further exploiting those markets. They were able to get things done operationally, but were not able to add any additional value. Capital One needs to recognize that environments change and as they explore new opportunities, they may want to create new forms of competitive advantage. By focusing on the IBS capability as its sole competitive advantage, Capital One neglects any positional advantages, such as its brand, that might become more valuable than the potential advantage the capabilities might yield elsewhere.

Law Abiding Citizen Analysis Essay

The film has no opening title sequence. The first images we see are two production logos which then lead to the first scene. The zoom lens introduces us to what the main character was doing. Establishing shot shows the innocence in the main characters life as the colour white (the bead) represents purity. Soundtrack- to the tune of â€Å"hey Mr tambourine man† by bob Dylan, a father and his child are having a nice bonding evening as she strings beads and he repairs a tech machine. An instant intruder enters their apartment and chaos ensures. The music in a way links to the little girl that was later on in the movie rapped. An establishing shot introduces us to the main character; the shot shows the main character and his child which suggests that he has a normal family life. The first scene is of the attack, which took place in an ordinary situation. There is only diegetic sound until the attach where sound is added to set the speed of the attacks. The attacker whispers to the character †you can’t fight fate† while attacking him. This makes the audience wonder if the character deserved this or he turns out to be the antagonist. This is effective as it sets off the mystery of the film and leaves the audience hanging on. There’s a close up shot of a bat that hits the character on the face and the music automatically changes and becomes more violent, there’s a slit change in paste and the theme becomes more faster†¦there’s a close up shot of the bad guy tying up the characters hands while suggests that he is powerless. There’s a close up shot of a bad guys face smiling and holding a knife close to the main characters face which suggests that the bad guy is in control. A close of shot of the main character is being stabbed is show which suggest that he’s lost the fight and makes the audience see him as a weak person. The music becomes more violent as the knife is being pulled out of from his body and a fade out show the characters point of view to show that he is becoming unconscious while we are shown a close up shot of his wife at terror. There’s a focus pull shot of the main character on the floor crying while we see the shadow of his daughter in the background which shows that she is far away and out of he’s reach. There’s a shot of one of the bad guy looking worried and sympathetic for the family which is unusual for a thriller. A low angle shot of the other bad guy is shown which tells that he is more powerful and it cuts to a black screen. When this black screen appears we only hear the sound of police sirens in the back leaving up in shock and wanting us to find out what is going to happen to the little girl. The dark music then gets much louder as the film title â€Å"Law Abiding Citizen† pops up in the same bold capital font as it did at the start.

Catacombs essays

Catacombs essays Underground burial was common practice among ancient Mediterranean cultures, and therefore archeologist find underground burial tunnels in Egypt, Greece and many other Mediterranean lands. Catacombs were mostly built for memorial services and internment of the dead"(Catacombs1). There were a lot of uses for catacombs such as burial, celebration of martyrs, and celebration of the deceased persons of each family. There were two types of people who used the catacombs as burial grounds for their dead. When Christianity was being preached in Rome by Peter and Paul, there already there already existed in the pagan and Jewish catacombs(History1) The Romans Catholics used cremation at first then switched over to the underground burial. Then the Christians followed shortly after the Roman Catholics. The Christians did not follow pagan customs because it involved cremation. The Christians preferred burial, just as Christ was. They felt they had to respect the bodies that one day would rise from the dead. Over the years there were as much as sixty catacombs found near and in Rome. There were approximately one million Christian tombs discovered alone. (History 1) The catacombs were originally made for burial. The main religious groups at that time that used them were the Roman Catholics and the Christians. The catacombs were also used rarely for refuge when they had battles or wars. The opposing forces did not want to invade the burial ground. It was thought to be very bad luck to disturb the dead. They were afraid the spirits of the dead would haunt them.They also used the catacombs for anniversaries of the martyrs and the other dead. Martyrs means somebody who chooses to die rather than deny religious or political beliefs. The catacombs were tunnels that expanded into smaller or larger tunnels or burial places. There were rooms for all the dea...

Hepatitis-B vaccine Essays

Hepatitis-B vaccine Essays Hepatitis-B vaccine Essay Hepatitis-B vaccine Essay ESCALETED DOSE OF HEPATITIS-B VACCINE IN CHILDHOOD HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES WHILE ON CHEMOTHERAPY. Abstract. This prospective survey was conducted to happen out an effectual inoculation agenda against hepatitis B infection for the kids with haematological malignances. 60 patients between 2-15 old ages with haematological malignances on chemotherapy, negative for HBsAg and neer vaccinated for HBV before, were vaccinated with 40 mgm of vaccinum at 0, 1 and 2 months. The antibody titre was measured 6 hebdomads after disposal of last dosage and analyzed. Out of 60 enrolled, 5 died during the class of intervention and 4 dropped out before completion, go forthing 51 for concluding analysis. More than 70 % exhibited protective degree of antibody ( A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml ) against hepatitis B virus. There was no important consequence of age or sex on the antibody response, although it was higher among misss ( 90.9 % ) than male childs ( 65 % ) . Patients of non-Hodgkin s lymphoma were found to be in a better position to exhibit antibody response, compared to the leukemic kids ( P = 0.024 ) .This surve y concluded that haematological malignant neoplastic disease patients should be vaccinated with escalated doses of the vaccinum alternatively of the conventional doses. Introduction In childhood malignances, hepatitis B infection remains a major co-morbid status, which may impact the result of intervention ( Indolfi P et Al, 1992 ) . The high hazard for developing hepatitis B infection is due to immunosuppression secondary to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, multiple blood transfusions, endovenous medicines, every bit good as repeated invasive probes ( Meral A et Al, 2000 ) . Treatment with immunosuppressive drugs enhances the possibility farther of developing chronic bearer province or reactivation of HBV infection in symptomless bearers ( Ramesh M et Al, 2000 ) . This plays an inauspicious predictive function in their disease-free endurance because of holds in chemotherapy ( Meral A et Al, 2000 ) . Sing this high hazard of infection, kids with malignant neoplastic disease should be routinely vaccinated against hepatitis B. However, several surveies have shown that if vaccinated with conventional doses and agenda, the antibody titre against hepatitis B did non make the protective degree due to impaired immune response ( Indolefi P et Al, 1992 ; Mannan MA and Ghosh NK, 2003 ; Somjee S et Al, 1999 ) . We antecedently vaccinated 131 kids with malignant neoplastic diseases aged 2-15 old ages and 100 otherwise healthy kids of same age as control. All these kids were negative for hepatitis B markers. The dose and inoculation agenda used was 10 A ; micro ; gram for age A ; lt ; 10 old ages and 20 A ; micro ; gram for age A ; gt ; 10 old ages vaccinated at 0, 1 and 6 moths. The protective antibody degree ( A ; gt ; 10 IU/L ) measured 6 hebdomads after the last dosage was 10 % in the studied group compared to 98 % in the controls ( Mannan MA and Ghosh NK, 2003 ) . Several surveies have shown that utilizing the conventional dose of 10 and 20 A ; micro ; gram, a farther 4th, 5th or even 6th dose agenda as 0,1,2 and 6 ; 0,1,2,6 and 12 and 0,1,2,3,4 and 12 did non assist significantly to increase the antibody titre ( Mannan MA and Ghosh NK,2003 ; Drachman R et al,1989 ; Yetgin S et Al, 2001 ) . We, hence, decided to transport out the present survey with an escalated dose of 40 A ; micro ; gram of hepatitis B vaccinum ( Engerix B ) , irrespective of age, in childhood malignant neoplastic disease patients utilizing a agenda of 0, 1 and 2. Antibody titre was measured 6 hebdomads after disposal of the last dosage and if found amp ; gt ; 10 IU/L, was considered as protective. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey was conducted at Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University ( BSMMU ) , Dhaka from January to September 2006. Children go toing the Out-Patient and In-Patient Clinics of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department at BSMMU and a Private Clinic of a Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Specialist in Dhaka were recruited for the survey. The age bound was between 2 to 15 old ages with a diagnosing of either Leukemia or Lymphoma. All the kids recruited were in the care stage of chemotherapy and antecedently non vaccinated for hepatitis-B. Those with HBsAg positive every bit good as anti HBsAg positive were excluded. A entire figure of 60 kids were enrolled for the survey. An informed written consent was obtained from the parents. The households were besides informed that they would be able to retreat their kids from the survey at any clip they wanted ( Helsinki Declaration for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects 1964 ) . Inoculation plan: Recombinant hepatitis-B vaccinum was given intramuscularly at 40 mgm per dosage at 0, 1 and 2 months, irrespective of age. The generic merchandise of Glaxo-Smithkline Pharmacuticals Ltd. ( Engerix-B ) was used for the survey. Blood trial was performed utilizing Kit- ELISA method to mensurate antibody for HBsAg 6 hebdomads after disposal of the 3rd dosage. Antibody titre A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml was considered as protective. Detail information about the kid, haematological malignance including type, phase, age at diagnosing, specific intervention for malignance and present wellness position were collected from the medical and research lab records. Inoculation day of the month and blood trial studies were recorded meticulously. All informations were plotted and analyzed utilizing the SPSS for Windows ( Version 10.2 ) . Descriptive analysis was performed that included chi-square trial, mean, average and SD. Cut off p-value or degree of significance was A ; lt ; 0.05. Consequence A sum of 60 patients of were enrolled into the survey. Five of them died of the disease before mensurating antibody degrees and 4 dropped out during follow up. Therefore, entire 51 patients remained for concluding analysis. The age bound was between 2 to 15 old ages ; 17 ( 33.3 % ) were below 5 old ages of age, 28 ( 54.9 % ) were between 5 to 10 old ages and the remainder 6 ( 11.8 % ) were above 10 old ages ( Table I ) . On the other manus, a sum of 40 ( 78 % ) patients were male, and merely 11 ( 22 % ) were female ( Fig 1 ) . Table I. No of per centum of patients by age ( n = 51 ) : Age ( yrs ) # % A ; lt ; 5 17 33.3 5 10 28 54.9 A ; gt ; 10 06 11.8 Average = ( 6.16 A ; plusmn ; 3.14 ) old ages ; scope = ( 2 15 ) old ages. Out of 51 patients, 29 ( 56.9 % ) were diagnosed as holding leukaemia and the remainder 22 ( 43.1 % ) had lymphoma. Out of those 29 with leukaemia, 26 ( 51 % of entire 51 ) had ALL and 3 ( 5.9 % of 51 ) had AML. On the other manus, out of 22 with lymphoma, 20 ( 39.2 % of 51 ) had non-Hodgkin s Lymphoma, and the remainder 2 ( 3.9 % of 51 ) had Hodgkin s lymphoma ( Table II ) . Table II. No of per centum of patients by diagnosing ( n = 51 ) : Diagnosis No % ALL 26 51.0 AML 03 5.9 Hodgkin s disease 02 3.9 Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma 20 39.2 Table III shows the per centum of patients by antibody response in the blood measured 6 hebdomads after disposal of 3rd dosage of hepatitis B vaccinum. Over 70 % of the patients demonstrated protective degree of antibody. The average antibody degree was 125.0 A ; plusmn ; 17.09 mIU/ml. Table III. No of per centum of patients by antibody response ( n = 51 ) : Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) No % A ; lt ; 10 15 29.4 A ; sup3 ; 10 36 70.6 # Median = ( 125.0 A ; plusmn ; 17.09 ) mIU/ml. Table IV. Association between age and antibody response ( n = 51 ) : Age ( year ) Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) p-value # A ; lt ; 10 ( n = 15 ) A ; sup3 ; 10 ( n = 36 ) A ; lt ; 5 5 ( 33.3 ) * 12 ( 33.3 ) 0.752 5 10 1 ( 6.7 ) 5 ( 13.9 ) A ; lt ; 10 9 ( 60.0 ) 19 ( 52.8 ) * s in the parentheses denote matching % . # Chi-square ( c2 ) Trial was done to analyse the information ; degree of significance was 0.05. Table IV shows the association of age with antibody response. No peculiar age group was found to be more immunogenic than the others to show antibody response following hepatitis B inoculation ( p A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Table V. Association between sex and antibody response ( n = 51 ) : Sexual activity Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) p-value # A ; lt ; 10 ( n = 15 ) A ; sup3 ; 10 ( n = 36 ) Male 14 ( 35.0 ) 26 ( 65.0 ) 0.093 Female 1 ( 9.1 ) 10 ( 90.9 ) * s in the parentheses denote matching % . # Fisher s Exact Test was done analyze the information ; degree of significance was 0.05. Table V demonstrates the association between sex and antibody response. The proportion of misss developing protective antibody was observed to be higher ( 90.9 % ) than that of male childs ( 65.0 % ) . However, the difference did non make the degree of significance ( p A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Table VI. Association between diagnosing and antibody response ( n = 51 ) : Diagnosis Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) p-value # A ; lt ; 10 ( n = 15 ) A ; sup3 ; 10 ( n = 36 ) Leukemia 11 ( 37.9 ) * 18 ( 62.1 ) 0.125 Lymphoma 4 ( 18.2 ) 18 ( 81.8 ) * s in the parentheses denote matching % . # Fisher s Exact Test was done analyze the information ; degree of significance was 0.05. Table VI demonstrates the antibody response of patients based on diagnosing. The patients with lymphoma exhibited a higher rate of protective antibody degree ( 81.8 % ) than the patients with leukaemia ( 62.1 % ) , although the difference did non turn to be important ( P A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Table VII. Association between type of malignance and antibody titre ( n = 51 ) : Type of malignance Antibody titre ( mIU/ml ) p-value # A ; lt ; 10 ( n = 15 ) A ; sup3 ; 10 ( n = 36 ) ALL 10 ( 38.5 ) * 16 ( 61.5 ) 0.024 AML 1 ( 33.3 ) 2 ( 66.7 ) Hodgkin 2 ( 100.0 ) 00 Non-Hodgkin 2 ( 10.0 ) 18 ( 90.0 ) * s in the parentheses denote matching % . # Chi-square ( c2 ) Trial was done to analyse the information ; degree of significance was 0.05. Table VII demonstrates that 90 % of the non-Hodgkin s lymphoma had protective degree of antibody, while 61.5 % of ALL and 65.7 % of AML had protective degree of antibody. The association between non-Hodgkin s disease and antibody response against hepatitis B inoculation was found to be important ( p = 0.024 ) . Discussion Hepatitis B inoculation can bring on seroconversion in 65-95 % of healthy kids ( Jilg W et Al, 1989 ) . The present survey demonstrated that more than 70 % of the topics developed protective degree of antibody titre ( A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml ) 6 hebdomads after disposal of 3rd dosage of 40 mgm of recombinant HBV vaccinum. No unwanted side-effects, except hurting and inflammation at the site of injection, were encountered by the topics. In our old survey where 10 mgm of vaccinum was used in kids A ; lt ; 10 old ages of age and 20 mgm in older kids at 0, 1 and 6 months, the protective degree of antibody in the malignant neoplastic disease group measured 6 hebdomads after the last dosage was merely 10 % compared to 98 % in the control opposite number ( p A ; lt ; 0.01 ) ( Mannan MA and Ghosh NK, 2003 ) . In the 2nd stage of the same survey, inoculation plan was rescheduled with figure of doses increased from 3 to 4 and were given at close intervals ( 0, 1, 2 and 6 months ) . The consequen ces obtained showed that protective antibody degree in malignant neoplastic disease group reached from enormously low 10 % to 57 % ( unpublished information ) . Three series of surveies therefore conducted show that escalated dose aid a considerable figure of immune-compromised kids grow protective degree of antibody against hepatitis B. Meral et Al utilizing an escalated dosage at 0, 1, 2 and 12 months achieved a serconversion rate of 75 % in patients with haematological malignances following first three doses and 86 % after completion of 4 doses bearing consistence with findings of the present survey. In the present survey a significantly higher proportion of lymphoma patients demonstrated higher degrees of protective antibody ( 90 % ) than that in leukaemia ( 61.5 % ) . Meral s survey, on the other manus, showed that patients with lymphoma had the least response compared to patients with leukaemia and solid tumours ( p = 0.0003, P = 0.0161 ) . The ground of this disagreement might be that in our survey bulk of the lymphoma patients had non-Hodgkin s disease, whereas in their survey most of the kids with lymphoma had Hodgkin s disease, which might play a function in the lessened response to inoculation owing to basic cellular immune upsets associated with the disease ( Goyal S et Al, 1998 ) . Furthermore, in their survey, the kids with lymphoma and solid tumours were vaccinated at diagnosing when they had the most intensive chemotherapy. This might do more immunosuppression in them. Pervious similar surveies besides demonstrated impaired immune response to active inoculation in ki ds with leukaemia during intensive chemotherapy ( Hudson MM and Donaldson SS, 1997 ; Berberoglu S et Al, 1995 ) . In the Meral s survey, 86 % of the to the full immunized kids ( 4 doses completed ) developed lasting anti-HBs positiveness. Serconversion rates with regard to diagnosis were 90.3 % in leukaemia, 74 % in lymphoma and 94.4 % in solid tumours. Serpositivity increased from 48 % to 74 % in lymphoma and from 77 % to 94 % in solid tumours after 4th dosage. Berberoglu et Al, besides demonstrated that seropositivity increased from 56 % at 6 months to 70.5 % at 12 months after the 4th dosage. A inoculation plan was conducted by Indolfi et Al, on 80 patients aged between 1-15 old ages, holding negative serology for hepatitis-B and with normal liver map utilizing a recombinant DNA hepatitis-B vaccinum at doses of 40 mgm at close intervals ( 0, 1, 2 months ) with a supporter dosage at one twelvemonth. A 4th dosage ( 40 mgm ) was given at the 4th month to patients who did non react to three doses. Sixty-one kids, 38 with diagnosing of leukemia/lymphoma and 23 with solid tumours, completed the scheduled class. Over half ( 52.45 % ) of the topics responded with anti-HBs titre of A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml further stressing the significance of escalated dosage of HBV inoculation in immune-compromised kids. However, studies of low antibody response even after utilizing escalated dose and figure of inoculation is no less. Ramesh et Al, showed that merely 28.6 % of the topics mounted an antibody response making protective value of A ; gt ; 10 mIU/ml after four dual doses of recombinant hepatitis B vaccinum. Similar observations were in an earlier survey ( Hudson MM and Donaldson SS, 1997 ) where merely a 3rd ( 32 % ) of the paediatric malignant neoplastic disease patients on chemotherapy mounted a protective response with figure of respondents being similar in haematological and solid malignances. Rokicka-Milewska et Al, administered active immunisation in kids with leukaemia and lymphoma. They showed that antibody titres were much higher in patients vaccinated after surcease of chemotherapy than those vaccinated in the class of care intervention. Goyal et Al, vaccinated leukemic kids at diagnosing, and merely 10.5 % of them had protective antibody titres. In their survey, 48.8 % of kids were infected with HBV. Their informations demonstrated that inoculation during the intensive chemotherapy period was non effectual. This might be a consequence of immunosuppression induced by both the disease and the intervention with cytotoxic drugs that diminished the response to inoculation. Therefore inactive immunisation with hyper Ig followed by active immunisation after the surcease of intensive chemotherapy could be a better option in these kids. Pilecki O et Al, used both inactive and active immunisation in kids with haematological proliferative diseases. They besides reported that usage of both active and inactive immunisation helped cut downing the rate of HBV infection aggressively from 43.3 % to 2.56 % . Surveies sing hepatitis B inoculation in kids with malignant neoplastic disease have observed the effects of age, sex and tumour and vaccinum type on antibody response. This response has been reported to be better in kids younger than 10 old ages and in misss ( Berberoglu S et Al, 1995 and Hollinger BF, 1989 ) . Different surveies stated that highest antibody responses were obtained in solid tumour groups since impaired figure of maps of lymph cells cause hapless vaccinum response in lymphoreticular malignances ( Meral A et Al, 2000 ; Hudson MM and Donaldson SS, 1997 ; Lehmbecher T et Al, 1997 ) .Corapcioglu et Al, nevertheless, did non happen any consequence of age and sex vaccinum and tumour type on antibody response. In our survey, no important consequence of age on antibody response was revealed. However, protective degree of antibody was demonstrated to be higher among misss ( 90.9 % ) than that among male childs ( 65 % ) , although the difference did non make the degree of sign ificance ( p = 0.093 ) . As serconversion was compared in footings of tumour type, patients of non-Hodgkin s lymphoma were found to be in a better place to exhibit important degree of antibody, compared to the leukemic kids ( P = 0.024 ) . Decision This present survey concludes that haematological malignant neoplastic disease patients classified as A ; lsquo ; non-responders after being vaccinated with conventional doses are really non so. Rather, they need a higher dosage to excite their already compromised immune system, because most of these kids responded to the escalated dosage of the vaccinum. Mentions Berberoglu S, Buyukpamukco M, Sarialioglu F et Al. Hepatitis B inoculation in kids with malignant neoplastic disease. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1995 ; 12: 171-78. 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